Table 3. Odds of suboptimal outcomes in offspring according to maternal vitamin D status when the < 50.0 nmol/L group is split into < 25.0 and 25.0 – 49.9 nmol/L and each group is compared to ≥ 50.0 nmol/L (adjusted model 3).
| Maternal vitamin D status (nmol/L) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 25.0 vs. ≥ 50.0 | 25.0 – 49.9 vs. ≥ 50.0 | Trend | ||||||
| OR (95% CI) | n | OR (95% CI) | n | p value | n | |||
| ALSPAC pre–school development assessments | Gross Motor Skills | 6 mo† | 1.30 (0.90, 1.88) | 169 | 0.92 (0.77, 1.09) | 1279 | 0.88 | 4380 |
| 18 mo | 1.40 (1.00, 1.96) | 178 | 1.14 (0.98, 1.33) | 1270 | 0.02 | 4383 | ||
| 30 mo | 1.52 (1.07, 2.17) | 163 | 1.17 (0.99, 1.37) | 1213 | 0.008 | 4133 | ||
| 42 mo | 1.24 (0.85, 1.82) | 159 | 1.07 (0.90, 1.27) | 1191 | 0.23 | 4070 | ||
| Fine Motor Skills | 6 mo† | 1.24 (0.85, 1.80) | 167 | 1.04 (0.88, 1.24) | 1213 | 0.32 | 4139 | |
| 18 mo | 1.03 (0.72, 1.47) | 177 | 1.10 (0.94, 1.29) | 1269 | 0.36 | 4381 | ||
| 30 mo | 1.30 (0.91, 1.88) | 163 | 1.22 (1.04, 1.44) | 1214 | 0.01 | 4136 | ||
| 42 mo | 1.31 (0.89, 1.92) | 158 | 1.14 (0.96, 1.36) | 1191 | 0.06 | 4068 | ||
| Social Development | 6 mo† | 1.02 (0.70, 1.50) | 170 | 1.00 (0.84, 1.19) | 1216 | 0.95 | 4207 | |
| 18 mo | 1.28 (0.88, 1.85) | 177 | 1.12 (0.95, 1.33) | 1269 | 0.08 | 4381 | ||
| 30 mo | 0.91 (0.61, 1.36) | 163 | 1.09 (0.92, 1.30) | 1212 | 0.66 | 4127 | ||
| 42 mo | 1.49 (1.02, 2.18) | 158 | 1.16 (0.98, 1.38) | 1190 | 0.02 | 4066 | ||
| Communication | 6 mo† | 1.41 (0.93, 2.14) | 167 | 0.94 (0.77, 1.16) | 1237 | 0.59 | 4283 | |
| 18 mo | 1.31 (0.92, 1.88) | 179 | 1.09 (0.93, 1.29) | 1272 | 0.11 | 4388 | ||
| Behaviour | Prosocial | 7 yr | 1.11 (0.59, 2.09) | 124 | 0.99 (0.75, 1.30) | 1003 | 0.89 | 3511 |
| Peer problems | 7 yr | 0.97 (0.56, 1.67) | 124 | 1.05 (0.84, 1.33) | 1002 | 0.80 | 3508 | |
| Hyperactivity | 7 yr | 0.63 (0.37, 1.08) | 124 | 1.09 (0.89, 1.33) | 1002 | 0.70 | 3511 | |
| Emotional | 7 yr | 0.80 (0.43, 1.49) | 124 | 1.25 (0.99, 1.57) | 1002 | 0.34 | 3509 | |
| Conduct | 7 yr | 0.80 (0.50, 1.27) | 124 | 1.10 (0.91, 1.32) | 1003 | 0.88 | 3512 | |
| Total Score | 7 yr | 0.68 (0.33, 1.39) | 124 | 1.31 (1.02, 1.70) | 1001 | 0.37 | 3508 | |
| Cognition | Verbal IQ | 8 yr | 1.07 (0.67, 1.73) | 103 | 0.99 (0.80, 1.23) | 839 | 0.90 | 2950 |
| Performance IQ | 8 yr | 1.40 (0.89, 2.20) | 104 | 0.96 (0.78, 1.18) | 837 | 0.56 | 2943 | |
| Total IQ | 8 yr | 1.37 (0.87, 2.17) | 103 | 0.97 (0.78, 1.20) | 834 | 0.54 | 2936 | |
| Reading ability | Words per min | 9 yr | 1.11 (0.68, 1.80) | 101 | 1.16 (0.94, 1.43) | 797 | 0.23 | 2761 |
| Accuracy | 9 yr | 1.14 (0.70, 1.87) | 101 | 1.02 (0.81, 1.27) | 799 | 0.69 | 2765 | |
| Comprehension | 9 yr | 1.01 (0.61, 1.66) | 101 | 1.04 (0.84, 1.30) | 799 | 0.78 | 2765 | |
| Reading Score | 9 yr | 0.91 (0.57, 1.45) | 108 | 1.06 (0.87, 1.29) | 872 | 0.88 | 3026 | |
mo, month; OR, odds ratio; n, number of subjects; yr, years. Suboptimal outcome defined as scores in the bottom quartile for ALSPAC pre–school development assessments, cognition, and reading ability. Published cut-offs(17) were used for behaviour: Prosocial (≤5; 9·8%), Peer problems (≥3; 13·5%), hyperactivity (≥6; 18·7%), emotional symptoms (≥4; 12·2%), conduct problems (≥3; 24·3%), and total score (≥14; 10·5%). Maternal vitamin D status ≥ 50.0 nmol/L was the reference group.
†
age of child at development test included in all models.