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. 2016 Oct 13;12(3):315–334. doi: 10.1080/17441692.2016.1241293

Table 2. Tobacco-related foreign-based operations by China, 1989–2015.

Company name Year Location Target market
Tianli International Trading Co Ltd 1989 Hong Kong  
China tobacco International Moscow Office 1992 Renamed in 2008 Russia Russia
Golden Leaf Macau Group* 1992 Macau Hong Kong, Macau, Vietnam, Singapore, South Africa, Australia, Panama, Peru
Hongta Hong Kong International* 1992 Restructured in 1998 Hong Kong South East Asia, Middle East, Africa, South America
Lao Liaozhong Hongta Fortune Tobacco* 1992 Restructured in 2008 Laos Laos, Cambodia, Philippines, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Korea, Thailand, Middle East, North Africa
Viniton Group* 1993 Cambodia Cambodia and South-East Asia
Myanmar Kokang Factory 1994 Myanmar Myanmar, India
United Castle International Co Ltd 1994 Hong Kong Global
China Tobacco International Europe Company (CTIEC)* 1997 Restructured in 2007 Romania Romania, Europe, Africa, Middle East
Dubai Ruishida Trading Co 1997 UAE Middle East, Africa, West and South Asia
China Tobacco International Hamburg Ltd 1998 Renamed in 2008 Germany Machinery and accessory materials
Taedong River Co Ltd* 2000 North Korea  
HTS Hongta Switzerland 2000 Switzerland  
China Tobacco Japan 2001 Japan Japan
Mongolia Tobacco Co Ltd* 2001 Mongolia Mongolia, Central Asia, Russia
Raison Co Ltd 2001 North Korea North Korea, South Korea, Middle East, South-East Asia
China Tabaco Internacional do Brasil 2002 Brazil Leaf procurement
Namibia Oriental Tobacco 2005 Namibia Sub-Saharan Africa
CTPMI 2005 Switzerland Global
Tianze Tobacco 2005 Zimbabwe Africa Leaf procurement
HTS Hongta Services 2007 Romania Eastern Europe
Hongta Tabaco Latinoamericana S.A. 2008 Argentina Latin America, Caribbean
Pyongyang Haikusan Co Ltd 2008 North Korea  
China Tobacco Argentina Ltd 2009 Argentina  
United Castle America SA de CV 2009 Mexico The Americas
China-Brasil Tabacos Exportadora 2012 Brazil Latin America
CTPMI D.R.Congo 2012 D.R. Congo  
China Tobacco Hongyun Honghe (PTY) LTD 2013 Namibia (Walvis Bay)  
Overseas United Inc* 2012 Panama Latin America
Shandong Tobacco (Middle East) Trading Co 2012 UAE Middle East, Africa
Universal Tobacco (Dubai)* 2012 UAE Middle East, Africa
CTBAT 2013 Hong Kong Global
US China Tobacco International 2014 USA Leaf procurement
PT Kolang Citra Abadi 2015 Indonesia  

Source: Compiled from BAT (2013), CTI (2014a), CTIEC (n.d.), Hongta Group (2010), MOFCOM (2015), Namibia Oriental Tobacco (n.d.), STMA (2006), STMA (2009, 2012), Tobacco-free Kids (2010), United Castle America (n.d.) and Zhejiang Tobacco Industrial (2015).