Table 3.
Dextran-binding receptors: roles in infections
| Receptor | Pathogens | Receptor role in infection |
|---|---|---|
| Mannose receptor | 1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis; M. kansasii, M. phlei, and M. smegmatis | 1. Uptake of bacteria (95), inhibition of phagosomal-lysosomal fusion (96) and restriction of Th1 response (13); uptake (97) |
| 2. Retroviridae (HIV-1; Visna/Maedi virus; lentivirus) | 2. Uptake of virus (98), induction of IFN-γ (99), increase of sexual transmission efficiency (100); virus uptake, in sheep (101); increased organ damage (102) | |
| 3. Candida albicans | 3. Impaired killing (103), uptake (104) | |
| 4. Orthomyxoviridae (influenza viruses) | 4. Uptake of virus (105) | |
| 5. Flaviviridae (Dengue virus) | 5. Uptake of virus (106) | |
| 6. Rhabdoviridae (vesicular stomatitis virus) | 6. Induction of IFN-γ (99) | |
| 7. Herpetoviridae (herpes simplex virus) | 7. Induction of IFN-γ (99) | |
| 8. Hepadnaviridae (hepatitis B virus) | 8. Uptake of virus (107) | |
| 9. Schistosoma mansoni | 9. Induction of Th2 phenotype (108) | |
| 10. Bunyaviridae (Rift Valley fever virus, Toscana virus, Uukuniemi virus) | 10. Uptake of virus (109) | |
| 11. Paramyxoviridae (measles virus) | 11. Virus attachment, DCs and T cells infection (110) | |
| 12. Francisella tularensis | 12. Bacteria uptake (111) | |
| 13. Yersinia pestis | 13. Bacteria uptake (112) | |
| 14. Leishmania spp. | 14. Uptake of the pathogen, modulation of immune response (113, 114) | |
| DC-SIGN | 1. M. tuberculosis | 1. Uptake of mycobacteria by DCs (115), restriction of Th1 response (12) |
| 2. Retroviridae (HIV-1; human T-lymphotropic virus 1) | 2. Uptake of virus and transinfection of other cells (6); cross-talk with Nef-1 signaling and decrease of IL-6 production (116); binding (11), uptake of virus, infection and transinfection (10) | |
| 3. Candida albicans | 3. Uptake of fungi (117) | |
| 4. Orthomyxoviridae (influenza viruses) | 4. Uptake of virus and transinfection of other cells (118); improved viral replication (119) | |
| 5. Coronaviridae (SARS; infectious bronchitis virus) | 5. Uptake of virus (120); uptake of virus (121) | |
| 6. Arenaviridae (Lassa virus, Junin virus) | 6. Uptake of virus (122); uptake of virus (123) | |
| 7. Flaviviridae (hepatitis C virus; Dengue virus; West Nile virus, Tick-borne encephalitis virus) | 7. Uptake of virus (124); uptake of virus (125), platelet activation (126); uptake of virus (127); predisposition to severe forms of encephalitis (128) | |
| 8. Paramyxoviridae (human respiratory syncytial virus) | 8. Modulation of immune response (129) | |
| 9. Herpesviridae (cytomegalovirus, herpesvirus 8) | 9. Uptake of virus and transinfection of other cells (130), virus uptake (131, 132) | |
| 10. Filoviridae (Ebola virus; Marburg virus) | 10. Uptake of virus, transinfection (120, 133) | |
| 11. Helicobacter pylori | 11. Uptake of bacteria, modulation of immune response (134) | |
| 12. Leishmania sp. | 12. Uptake of the pathogen, modulation of immune response (114, 134–136) | |
| 13. S. mansoni | 13. Binding of the surface molecule to the host cells, modulation of immune response (137) | |
| 14. Togaviridae (Sindbis virus) | 14. Uptake of virus (138) | |
| 15. Escherichia coli | 15. Support of phagocytosis (139) | |
| 16. Klebsiella pneumoniae lipopolysaccharide serotype O3 | 16. Binding of bacteria (134) | |
| 17. Bacteroides fragilis | 17. Processing and presentation to T cells (140) | |
| SIGN-R1 | 1. M. tuberculosis | 1. Binding of bacteria, modulation of immune response (141) |
| 2. Candida albicans | 2. Uptake of fungi (142) | |
| 3. Streptococcus pneumoniae | 3. SIGN-R1 plays a defensive role (143), being important in development of IgM response (144) | |
| SIGN-R3 | 1. M. tuberculosis | 1. Binding, modulation of immune response (145) |
| 2. Leishmania spp. | 2. Binding and uptake of bacteria, modulation of immune response (136) | |
| L-SIGN | 1. M. tuberculosis | 1. Binding, modulation of immune response (141) |
| 2. Retroviridae (HIV-1, HIV-2; SIV) | 2. Uptake of virus and transinfection of other cells (48, 146) | |
| 3. Coronaviridae (infectious bronchitis virus) | 3. Uptake of virus (121) | |
| 4. Arenaviridae (Lassa virus, Junin virus) | 4. Uptake of virus (123) | |
| 5. Flaviviridae (hepatitis C virus; West Nile virus) | 5. Uptake of virus (124, 147); uptake of virus (127) | |
| 6. S. mansoni | 6. Binding of the pathogen (148) | |
| 7. Filoviridae (Ebola virus; Marburg virus) | 7. Uptake of virus and transinfection of other cells (133, 149); uptake of virus (120) | |
| 8. Coronaviridae (SARS coronavirus) | 8. Uptake of virus (120) | |
| 9. Togaviridae (Sindbis virus) | 9. Uptake of virus (138) | |
| 10. Leishmania infantum | 10. Uptake of bacteria (135) | |
| Langerin | 1. Mycobacterium leprae | 1. Uptake and antigen presentation (150) |
| 2. Retroviridae (HIV-1) | 2. Uptake of virus and its degradation (151) | |
| 3. Candida spp. (including C. albicans), Saccharomyces species, and Malassezia furfur | 3. Binding and phagocytosis of fungi (152) | |
| 4. Paramyxoviridae (measles virus) | 4. Uptake of virus (153) | |
| LSECtin (probable dextran-binding receptor) | 1. Hepadnaviridae (hepatitis B virus) | 1. LSECtin downregulates inflammation but prolongs the time of virus liver clearance (154) |
| 2. Filoviridae (Ebola virus) | 2. Binding of the virus, infection enchancement (155, 156) | |
| 3. Coronaviridae (SARS coronavirus, SARS) | 3. Binding, infection enchancement (155) | |
| 4. Flaviviridae (hepatitis C virus) | 4. Virus binding (157) | |
| 5. Arenaviridae (Lassa virus) | 5. Virus binding (158) |
DC, dendritic cell; DC-SIGN, dendritic cell specific intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-3-grabbing nonintegrin; IFN, interferon; L-SIGN, liver/lymph node-specific intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-3-grabbing nonintegrin; SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome; SIV, simian immunodeficiency virus.