Table 2.

Nomenclature and Pharmacological Actions of Common Herbs in Traditional Chinese Medication.

Common Name	Pinyin Name	Latin Name	Pharmacological Actions	Included Formulas
White peony root	Bai Shao	Radix paeoniae alba	Decreases the expression of substance P, inhibits platelet aggregation and thrombosis (Teekachunhatean et al, 2004; Yang et al, 2012).	9 formulas
Rhizoma arisaematis	Nan Xing	Rhizoma pinelliae seu arisaematis	Analgesic effects (Vickers et al., 1998).	2 formulas
Monkshood root	Chuan Wu	Radix aconiti	Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects (Tang et al, 2014; Tao et al., 2012).	2 formulas
Clematis root	Wei Ling Xian	Radix clematidis	Inhibits metalloproteinase expression and protects against cytokine-induced (β-cell damage (Zheng et al., 2002; Zhou et al., 2013).	4 formulas
Chinese taxillus twig	Sang Ji Sheng	Herba taxilli	Inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression (Zhang et al., 2009).	4 formulas
Doubleteeth pubescent angilica root	Du Huo	Radix angelicae pubescentis	Inhibits articular cartilage damage, synovium inflammation, and chondrocyte apoptosis; inhibits release of Interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (Zhang et al., 2008).	3 formulas
Twotooth achyranthes root	Niu Xi	Radix achyranthis bidentatae	Promotes chondrocyte proliferation by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway (Wang et al, 2013; Wei et al., 1999).	9 formulas
Chinese angelica	Dang Gui	Radix angelicae sinensis	Prevents cartilage destruction in osteoarthritis and promotes cartilage repair (Weng et al, 2014; Xie et al., 2001).	9 formulas
Salviae miltiorrhizae	Dan Shen	Radix salviae miltiorrhizae	Vasodilates, increases platelet production to promote hemostasis, anti-inflammatory (Xie et al, 2010; Zhou et al., 2011).	4 formulas
Safflower	Hong Hua	Flos carthami	Prevents clot formation, vasodilates, attenuates apoptosis (Xu et al., 2015).	4 formulas