Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of the study population in Astana region, Kazakhstan
| Variable name | Astana city (urban) | Akmol village (rural) | Both |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total number of participants | N = 480 | N = 474 | N = 954 |
| Sex, (%) | |||
| Males | 45.8% | 41.4% | 43.6% |
| Females | 54.2% | 58.7% | 56.4% |
| Age mean, (SD) | 61.2 (7.3) | 60.3 (7.3) | 60.7 (7.3) |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l), mean (SD) | 5.89 (1.51) | 5.44 (1.09) | 5.67 (1.34) |
| LDL-C (mmol/l), mean (SD) | 3.71 (0.97) | 3.52 (0.96) | 3.62 (0.97) |
| HDL-C (mmol/l), mean (SD) | 1.30 (0.36) | 1.46 (0.40) | 1.38 (0.39) |
| TG (mmol/l), mean (SD) | 1.66 (1.08) | 1.52 (1.04) | 1.59 (1.06) |
| Diabetes prevalence, (%) | 16.3% | 8.7% | 12.5% |
| Arterial Hypertension prevalence, (%) | 70.3% | 74.1% | 72.2% |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 29.8 (4.9) | 29.2 (5.3) | 29.5 (5.1) |
| BMI categories, (%) | |||
| 18.50 - 24.99 (normal) | 13.4% | 20.3% | 16.8% |
| 25.00 - 29.99 (pre-obese) | 40.6% | 37.9% | 39.3% |
| Over 30 (obese) | 46.0% | 41.7% | 43.9% |
| Waist–hip ratio, (%) ≥0.9 in men and ≥0.85 in women |
81.7% | 61.7% | 71.7% |
| Smoking status | |||
| Current smoker | 17.4% | 13.9% | 15.6% |
| Ex-smoker | 21.6% | 16.5% | 19.0% |
| Non-smoker | 61.0% | 69.7% | 65.3% |
| Marital status, (%) | |||
| Married | 73.1% | 73.7% | 73.4% |
| Unmarried | 26.9% | 26.3% | 26.6% |
| Education, (%) | |||
| 1 Primary | 36.3% | 39.2% | 37.7% |
| 2 Secondary | 21.3% | 45.3% | 33.2% |
| 3 Higher | 42.5% | 15.5% | 29.2% |
| Car ownership, (%) | |||
| No | 38.8% | 50.9% | 44.8% |
| Yes | 61.2% | 49.1% | 55.2% |
| Ethnicity, (%) | |||
| Kazakhs | 57.5% | 58.4% | 58.0% |
| Russians | 26.0% | 27.2% | 26.6% |
| Others | 16.5% | 14.4% | 15.4% |
| Deprivation level, (%) | |||
| high level of deprivation | 26.9% | 26.2% | 26.6% |
| Intermediate level of deprivation | 29.4% | 33.8% | 31.6% |
| low level of deprivation | 43.6% | 40.0% | 41.8% |