Table 2.

Effect of scabies mites or mite extracts on key cytokines and molecules from cultured cells in vitro and in vivo

Cell type(s)	Cytokines upregulated	Cytokines downregulated	Reference
Cultured cells treated with mite extracts
Human skin equivalents (HSE)	CTACK, IL 1α, IL 1β, IL 1Rα, IL-6, IL-8, IL-23A, GM-CSF, M-CSF	Not reported	[18, 83]
Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC-D)	ICAM-1	IL-6, IL-8, VCAM-1	[114, 122]
Human keratinocytes, fibroblasts	IL-6, CTACK, TGF α, CXCL1, G-CSF	IL-8, GM-CSF	[84, 113]
Dendritic cells	TNF-α	IL-6, IL-8	[60]
In vivo studies: humans
PBMCs	IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL 1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13	IL-10	[35, 46, 57]
Serum	IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ	IL-6	[47]
Skin biopsies (crusted scabies)	IL-1β, TGF-β	IFN-γ, IL-10?	[23]
In vivo studies: other animals
Porcine PBMCs	IL-17, IFN-γ	Not reported	[88]
Spleen (from exposed/vaccinated mice)	G-CSF, IL-2, IL-13	ICAM-1, ICAM-2, L-selectin, M-CSF, TNF α, TGF β	[112]
Canine PBMCs	IL-4, IL-5, TGF-β	TNF-α	[123]
Pig skin biopsies	IL-13, IL-17, IL-23, IL-4, IL-2, TGF-β	Not reported	[46]