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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Epilepsia. 2017 Jun 20;58(8):e122–e126. doi: 10.1111/epi.13826

Figure 2.

Figure 2

A. The animals of saline and LTA groups showed increased hippocampal excitability as compared with the baseline values 24 hours after kindling, but the LTA-A group showed a significant suppression of this effect returning to pre-kindling values. The treatment with the LTA and saline resulted in longer-lasting kindling-induced activity compared to baseline data. The LTA-A treated group of animals returned to baseline. Data are presented as Mean ± SD and are expressed as fold-changes vs. prekindling values. *p<0.05 vs. respective saline group (One way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test). B. The rapid kindling induced a pro-inflammatory response increasing the number of hippocampal cells that express TNFα. However, the intracerebral application of LTA-A significantly reduced this effect. Bars represent the Mean ± SD of the number of TNFα positive cells detected in the ipsilateral or contralateral hippocampus. Data were analyzed with One-way ANOVA for independent groups followed by Tukey’s test. *p<0.001 vs. respective naïve group. Photomicrographs show the comparison of TNFα expression in the hippocampal region CA3 of a naïve animal (C) and saline (D) or LTA-A (E) treated rats that underwent rapid kindling. In kindled animals, the LTA-A treatment reduced the number of TNFα positive cells compared to saline administration. Scale bar = 100 μm.