Table 1.
Characteristics of patients stratified by VAI tertiles.
| VAI Characteristics | Male | P value | Female | P value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tertile 1 (VAI < 1.07) | Tertile 2 (1.07 to 1.95) | Tertile 3 (>1.95) | Tertile 1 (VAI < 1.51) | Tertile 2 (1.51–2.56) | Tertile 3 (>2.56) | |||
| No. of cases | 130 | 133 | 132 | 149 | 150 | 151 | ||
| Age (years) | 69.92 ± 9.30 | 67.20 ± 10.18 | 64.52 ± 9.47 | P < 0.001 | 65.17 ± 9.18 | 64.74 ± 9.31 | 66.17 ± 9.15 | 0.384 |
| Hypertension (%) | 63 (48.5) | 65 (48.9) | 82 (62.1) | 0.041 | 65 (43.6) | 78 (52.0) | 77 (51.0) | 0.286 |
| Diabetes Mellitus (%) | 18 (13.8) | 23 (17.3) | 40 (30.3) | 0.002 | 18 (12.1) | 17 (11.3) | 34 (22.5) | 0.011 |
| Coronary heart disease (%) | 51 (39.2) | 61 (45.9) | 63 (47.7) | 0.347 | 43 (28.9) | 64 (42.7) | 59 (39.1) | 0.037 |
| Previous stroke (%) | 32 (24.6) | 32 (24.1) | 30 (22.7) | 0.934 | 18 (12.1) | 20 (13.3) | 16 (10.6) | 0.765 |
| Current smoking (%) | 39 (30.0) | 51 (38.3) | 56 (42.4) | 0.105 | 1 (0.7) | 2 (1.3) | 3 (2.0) | 0.875 |
| Daily drinking, n (%) | 19 (14.6) | 32 (24.1) | 28 (21.2) | 0.146 | 3 (2.0) | 2 (1.3) | 1 (0.7) | 0.460 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 20.19 ± 2.98 | 23.47 ± 3.05 | 24.69 ± 2.74 | P < 0.001 | 22.74 ± 3.37 | 23.55 ± 3.35 | 24.72 ± 3.40 | P < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 79.75 ± 8.27 | 84.49 ± 8.27 | 88.38 ± 8.06 | P < 0.001 | 78.65 ± 8.57 | 82.03 ± 9.15 | 86.46 ± 8.56 | P < 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 134.85 ± 17.36 | 133.98 ± 17.39 | 133.15 ± 17.28 | 0.730 | 134.17 ± 16.47 | 133.31 ± 17.66 | 135.60 ± 16.38 | 0.490 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 82.15 ± 9.63 | 81.94 ± 10.17 | 81.64 ± 10.48 | 0.921 | 80.97 ± 10.05 | 78.77 ± 10.39 | 79.46 ± 9.91 | 0.158 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 4.87 (4.48–5.47) | 4.95 (4.49–5.49) | 5.26 (4.70–6.57) | P < 0.001 | 4.98 (4.60–5.61) | 4.99 (4.53–5.53) | 5.21 (4.72–6.12) | 0.003 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.30 ± 0.93 | 4.45 ± 0.95 | 4.80 ± 1.11 | P < 0.001 | 5.01 ± 1.00 | 5.06 ± 1.04 | 5.21 ± 1.04 | 0.192 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 0.73 (0.58–0.86) | 1.15 (1.00–1.33) | 2.07 (1.68–2.82) | P < 0.001 | 0.87 (0.72–1.01) | 1.30 (1.14–1.51) | 2.16 (1.74–2.63) | P < 0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.31 (1.12–1.46) | 1.02 (0.93–1.17) | 0.90 (0.80–1.04) | P < 0.001 | 1.52 (1.34–1.72) | 1.24 (1.09–1.41) | 1.06 (0.91–1.17) | P < 0.001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.20 ± 0.63 | 2.46 ± 0.65 | 2.61 ± 0.74 | P < 0.001 | 2.60 ± 0.73 | 2.72 ± 0.71 | 2.88 ± 0.73 | 0.003 |
| FRS | 5.97 ± 2.52 | 6.95 ± 2.55 | 7.73 ± 2.87 | P < 0.001 | 6.79 ± 3.21 | 8.30 ± 3.45 | 10.86 ± 3.47 | P < 0.001 |
Continuous variables were analysed with one-way analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis test, and categorical variables were analysed with the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. Results are expressed as mean ± SD for variables with a normal distribution, as median and interquartile range for variables with a skewed distribution, or as number with percentage for categorical variables. SD, standard deviation; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; VAI, visceral adiposity index; FRS, Framingham risk score.