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. 2017 Aug 11;7:7768. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04737-y

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees of ID1-DBL2x variants by low birth weight (LBW) and small-for-gestational age (SGA). Panel A and C show data for Malawi for LBW and SGA, respectively. Panels B and D show data for Benin for LBW and SGA, respectively. All trees were bootstrapped 1000x and bootstrap values >80 were used as cutoff points for significant branch differentiation. LBW was defined according to World Health Organization’s criteria as infant with a birth weight of less than 2500 grams. 3D7 (green) and FCR3 (purple) were detected in both countries. Majority of the LBW variants (red) in Malawi were present in the 3D7-like clade (green) whereas in Benin, the LBW variants were more evenly distributed between 3D7-like (green) and FCR3-like (purple) clades. SGA was defined as infant with a birth weight below the 10^th percentile for babies of the same gestational age at delivery. 3D7 (green) and FCR3 (purple) were detected in both countries. SGA variants (red) clustered more readily in 3D7-like clade in Malawi whereas in Benin, the distribution was more even between 3D7-like and FCR3-like clades. We also identified four SGA variants clustered in clade 3.