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. 2017 Aug 11;7:7892. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-07444-w

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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DNA damage assay by gel electrophoresis of (a) E. coli, (b) P. aeruginosa and (c) S. aureus after treatment with PAT using TBO in water and TBO in lipid nanoparticles. In all the images, lane 1 was loaded with DNA ladder. Lane 2 was loaded with DNA extracted from bacteria treated with sterile saline. Lanes 3 and 4 were loaded with DNA extracted from bacteria treated with PAT using TBO in water and TBO in lipid nanoparticles. Analysis of bacterial DNA exudation from (d) E. coli and (e) S. aureus after treatment with PAT using TBO in water and TBO in lipid nanoparticles revealed that DNA exudation was increased after usage of TBO in lipid nanoparticles.