Table 1.
Comparison of demographics of the derivation and validation sets.
| All patients (n = 3371) | Derivation set (n = 2247) | Validation set (n = 1124) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years; mean ± SD) | 65 ± 13 | 65 ± 13 | 65 ± 13 | 0.6444 |
| Male (n, %) | 2580 (77) | 1718 (76) | 862 (77) | 0.8804 |
| Liver disease (n, %) | ||||
| Hepatitis B | 1807 (54) | 1198 (53) | 609 (54) | 0.6346 |
| Hepatitis C | 1023 (30) | 670 (30) | 353 (31) | 0.3444 |
| Alcoholism | 632 (19) | 417 (19) | 215 (19) | 0.6893 |
| Tumor size ≥ 5 cm (n, %) | 1526 (45) | 1027 (46) | 499 (44) | 0.4712 |
| Multiple tumors (n, %) | 1245 (37) | 817 (36) | 428 (38) | 0.3297 |
| Metastasis (n, %) | 295 (9) | 199 (9) | 96 (9) | 0.76 |
| Total tumor volume (cm3, mean ± SD [median]) | 367 ± 751 | 363 ± 738 | 376 ± 777 | 0.6999 |
| (47) | (50) | (48) | ||
| Vascular invasion (n, %) | 830 (25) | 548 (24) | 282 (25) | 0.8066 |
| α-fetoprotein ≥ 400 ng/mL (n, %) | 987 (30) | 665 (30) | 322 (29) | 0.5688 |
| CTP class (n, %) | 0.5971 | |||
| A | 2462 (73) | 1640 (73) | 822 (73) | |
| B | 748 (22) | 494 (22) | 254 (23) | |
| C | 161 (5) | 113 (5) | 48 (4) | |
| Ascites (n, %) | 779 (23) | 538 (24) | 241 (21) | 0.1043 |
| Biochemistry (mean ± SD) | ||||
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 0.5303 |
| Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 1.5 ± 2.8 | 1.6 ± 3 | 1.4 ± 2.3 | 0.9299 |
| INR of PT | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.6519 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 138 ± 4 | 138 ± 4 | 139 ± 3.9 | 0.1014 |
| Estimated GFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) (n, %) | 2466 (73) | 1634 (73) | 832 (74) | 0.4212 |
| Diabetes mellitus (n, %) | 850 (25) | 578 (26) | 272 (24) | 0.3368 |
| Performance status (n, %) | 0.8805 | |||
| 0 | 1955 (58) | 1301 (58) | 654 (58) | |
| 1–2 | 1076 (32) | 718 (32) | 358 (32) | |
| 3–4 | 340 (10) | 228 (10) | 112 (10) | |
| Tumor burden (n, %) | 0.7753 | |||
| 0 | 345 (10) | 227 (10) | 118 (11) | |
| 1 | 1086 (32) | 718 (32) | 368 (33) | |
| 2 | 1014 (30) | 689 (31) | 325 (29) | |
| 3 | 926 (27) | 613 (27) | 313 (28) | |
| BCLC stage (n, %) | 0.7921 | |||
| 0 | 264 (8) | 182 (8) | 82 (7) | |
| A | 824 (24) | 536 (24) | 288 (26) | |
| B | 551 (16) | 370 (16) | 181 (16) | |
| C | 1331 (39) | 891 (40) | 440 (39) | |
| D | 401 (12) | 268 (12) | 133 (12) | |
| Treatment (n, %) | 0.1472 | |||
| Resection | 973 (29) | 630 (28) | 343 (31) | |
| Ablation | 648 (19) | 448 (20) | 200 (18) | |
| Transplantation | 11 (0.3) | 7 (0.3) | 4 (0.4) | |
| TACE | 940 (28) | 621 (28) | 319 (28) | |
| Targeted | 133 (4) | 82 (4) | 51 (5) | |
| Supportive care | 666 (20) | 459 (20) | 207 (18) | |
BCLC, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer; CTP, Child-Turcotte-Pugh; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; INR, international normalized ratio; PT, prothrombin time; SD, standard deviation; TACE, transarterial chemoembolization.