Table 1.
Study | Reference (country) | Year of study | No. isolates (animal host) | Testing method | Interpretation criteria | Phenotypic resistance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | (25) (China) | 2004–2005 | 70 (chicken) | Broth dilution | CLSI M31-A2 (2002) | AMP (83.0%), CEF (7.0%), CN (44.0%), S (42.0%), AK (12.0%), C (79.0% R), FFN (29.0%), OTC (100%), SXT (100%), ENR (83.0%), CIP (81.0%) |
2 | (26) (China) | 2007–2014 | 243 (chickens, ducks geese) | Disk diffusion | CLSI M100-S22 (2012) | AMP (81.1% R; 13.9% I), CTX (21.0% R; 1.0% I), CRO (18.0% R; 2.0% I), CAZ (10.0% R; 5.0% I), ETP (0%), ATM (15.0% R; 2.0% I), CN (28.0% R; 69.0% I), KA (31.0% R; 67.0% I), S (79.0% R; 5.0% I), AK (6.0% R; 2.0% I), TE (97.5% R), SXT (78.2% R), SMX (78.2% R), SSZ (80.7% R), CIP (63% R; 6% I), NA (82.3% R), C (48.0% R; 7.0% I), NIT (13.0% R; 24.0% I) |
3 | (33) (United States) | 2001–2003 | 445 (chickens) | Broth micro dilutiona | CLSI M31-A2 (2002) and NARMS (2003) | AMP (40.0% R; 1.6% I), AMC (12.4% R; 11.9% I), CFN (22.2% R; 31.2% I), CEF (3.8% R; 1.8% I), TIC (30.1% R; 6.7% I), CN (44.0% R; 4.3%), SPC (51.5% R; 1.1% I), TIM (98.2% R; 1.1% I), FFN (12.8% R; 62.7% I), TE (79.3% R; 0.2% I), SXT (9.0% R), ENR (3.4% R; 8.3% I), DIF (8.3% R; 9.4% I), ORB (2.5% R; 5.6% I) |
4 | (27) (Jordan) | Not specified | 18 (broilers) | Broth micro dilution | NCCLS M7-A3 (1999) | AMX (100%), CA (100%), CN (41.0%), SPC (47.0%), ERY (100%), FFN (53.0%), OTC (100%), DOX (100%), CIP (71.0%), ENR (76.0%), FOM (35.0%) |
5 | (30) (Zimbabwe) | 2011–2012 | 103 (chickens) | Disk diffusiona | CLSI M100-S17 (2007) | AMP (94.1% R; 1% I), CLX (100% R), CN (1.0% R; 1.9% I), NEO (54.4% R; 37.9% I), TE (100% R), CIP (0% R; 0% I), C (36.9% R; 45.6% I), BAC (100% R) |
6 | (31) (Egypt) | 2014–2016 | 116 (broilers) | Disk diffusiona | CLSI M100-S20 (2010) | AMP (100%), CTX (58.6%), CN (48.3%), KA (69.0%), S (50.0%), C (84.5%), TE (93.1%), SXT (58.6%), NA (84.5%), CIP (41.4%) |
7 | (32) (Egypt) | 2011 | 73 (broilers) | Disk diffusiona | CLSI M31-A3 (2008) | AMP (97.3%), AMC (35.6%), CFN (65.8%), FOX (61.6%), OXA (78.1%), CTT (60.3%), CTX (23.3%), CPD (21.9%), CO (19.2%), ATM (41.1%), S (93.2%), KA (89.0%), SPC (95.9%), CN (43.8%), C (79.5%), TE (95.9%), SXT (82.2%), NA (67.1%), CIP (15.1%) |
8 | (36) (Brazil) | 2012–2014 | 15 (broilers) | Disk diffusiona | CASFM (document not specified) | AMX (74.0%), AMC (13.0%), CFN (53.0%), CEF (40.0%), FOX (7.0%), CN (20.0%), NEO (7.0%), APR (0%), TE (40.0%), TMP (34.0%), SXT (34.0%), NA (77.0%), FLM (80.0%), ENR (40.0%), COL (0%) |
9 | (28)b (Iran) | Not specified | 100 (chickens) | Disk diffusiona | CLSI (document not specified) | CFX (50.0% R; 34.0% I), CN (17.0% R; 2.0% I), OTC (96.0% R; 1.0% I), DOX (95.0% R; 2.0% I), SXT (89.0% R; 1.0% I), NA (100% R), CIP (91.0% R; 2.0% I), NOR (88.0% R; 3.0% I), COL (99.0% R; 1.0% S); LIP (53.0% R; 6.0% I) |
10 | (29) (Thailand) | 2007–2010 | 50 (chickens) | Disk diffusiona | NCCLS M31-A2 (2002) | AMP (82.0% R; 18.0% I), AMX (86.0% R; 14.0% I), AMC (28.0% R; 14.0% I), CLX (72.0% R; 28.0% I), CN (24.0% R; 12.0% I), KA (28.0% R; 10.0% I), NEO (62.0% R; 28.0% I), ERY (80.0%; 20.0%), LCM (94.0% R; 6.0% I), LIP (30.0% R; 42.0% I), TIA (100% R), TIM (100% R), TYL (100% R), TE (32.0% R; 26.0% I), OTC (50.0% R; 8.0% I), DOX (30.0% R; 18.0% I), SXT (34.0% R; 6.0% I), ENR (24.0% R; 6.0% I), NOR (20.0% R; 10.0% I), COL (24.0% R; 10.0% I), FOM (8.0% R; 8.0% I) |
11 | (35) (Spain) | 2012 | 22 (chickens) | Disk diffusiona broth microdilution | EUCAST (2015) | AMP (78.0%), CTX (34.0%), CAZ (31.0%), FOX (13.0%), CFP (0%), S (69.0%), KA (19.0%), CN (16.0%), C (13.0%), FFN (6.0%), TE (91.0%), SXT (63.0%), TMP (59.0%), NA (88.0%), CIP (91.0%), COL (0%) |
12 | (34) (United States) | 1998–2002 | 80 (chickens) | Disk diffusion | NCCLS M100-S6 (1995), M2-A6 (1997), M31-A2 (2002) | AMP (11.2%), CEF (8.5%), CN (33.8%), AK (0%), SPC (88.8%), TE (67.5%), SDX (92.5%), SXT (5.0%), ENR (5.1%) |
In studies where intermediate susceptibility is given, results are presented as: R, resistant; I, intermediate resistant.
CASFM, Comite De L’antibiogramme De La Societe Francaise De Microbiologie; CLSI, Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute; NCCLS, National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards; EUCAST, European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; AK, amikacin; AMX, amoxicillin; AMC, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid; AMP, ampicillin; APR, apramycin; ATM, aztreonam; BAC, bacitracin; C, chloramphenicol; CA, clavulanic acid; CAZ, ceftazidime; CEF, ceftiofur; CFN, cephalothin; CFP, cefepime; CFX, cefuroxime; CIP, ciprofloxacin; CLX, cephalexin; CN, gentamicin; COL, colistin; CPD, cefpodoxime; CRO, ceftriaxone; CTX, cefotaxime; CTT, cefotetan; DIF, difloxacin; DOX, doxycycline; ENR, enrofloxacin; ERY, erythromycin; ETP, ertapenem; FFN, florfenicol; FLM, flumequine; FOM, fosfomycin; FOX, cefoxitin; KA, kanamycin; LCM, lincomycin; LIP, lincospectin; NA, nalidixic acid; NEO, neomycin; NIT, nitrofurantoine; NOR, norfloxacin; ORB, orbifloxacin; OTC, oxytetracycline; OXA, oxacillin; S, streptomycin; SDT, sulfadiazine/trimethoprim; SDX, sulfadimethoxine; SDZ, sulfadiazine; SMX, sulfamethoxazole; SPC, spectinomycin; SSZ, sulfisoxazole; SXT, co-trimoxazole; TE, tetracycline; TIA, tiamulin; TIC, ticarcillin; TIM, tilmicosin; TMP, trimethoprim; TYL, tylosin.
aMIC distributions reported; disk concentrations reported.
bExcluded from summary estimates of resistance.