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. 2017 Aug 10;4:126. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00126

Table 1.

Summary of results of 12 phenotypic studies on antimicrobial resistance of avian pathogenic E. coli.

Study Reference (country) Year of study No. isolates (animal host) Testing method Interpretation criteria Phenotypic resistance
1 (25) (China) 2004–2005 70 (chicken) Broth dilution CLSI M31-A2 (2002) AMP (83.0%), CEF (7.0%), CN (44.0%), S (42.0%), AK (12.0%), C (79.0% R), FFN (29.0%), OTC (100%), SXT (100%), ENR (83.0%), CIP (81.0%)
2 (26) (China) 2007–2014 243 (chickens, ducks geese) Disk diffusion CLSI M100-S22 (2012) AMP (81.1% R; 13.9% I), CTX (21.0% R; 1.0% I), CRO (18.0% R; 2.0% I), CAZ (10.0% R; 5.0% I), ETP (0%), ATM (15.0% R; 2.0% I), CN (28.0% R; 69.0% I), KA (31.0% R; 67.0% I), S (79.0% R; 5.0% I), AK (6.0% R; 2.0% I), TE (97.5% R), SXT (78.2% R), SMX (78.2% R), SSZ (80.7% R), CIP (63% R; 6% I), NA (82.3% R), C (48.0% R; 7.0% I), NIT (13.0% R; 24.0% I)
3 (33) (United States) 2001–2003 445 (chickens) Broth micro dilutiona CLSI M31-A2 (2002) and NARMS (2003) AMP (40.0% R; 1.6% I), AMC (12.4% R; 11.9% I), CFN (22.2% R; 31.2% I), CEF (3.8% R; 1.8% I), TIC (30.1% R; 6.7% I), CN (44.0% R; 4.3%), SPC (51.5% R; 1.1% I), TIM (98.2% R; 1.1% I), FFN (12.8% R; 62.7% I), TE (79.3% R; 0.2% I), SXT (9.0% R), ENR (3.4% R; 8.3% I), DIF (8.3% R; 9.4% I), ORB (2.5% R; 5.6% I)
4 (27) (Jordan) Not specified 18 (broilers) Broth micro dilution NCCLS M7-A3 (1999) AMX (100%), CA (100%), CN (41.0%), SPC (47.0%), ERY (100%), FFN (53.0%), OTC (100%), DOX (100%), CIP (71.0%), ENR (76.0%), FOM (35.0%)
5 (30) (Zimbabwe) 2011–2012 103 (chickens) Disk diffusiona CLSI M100-S17 (2007) AMP (94.1% R; 1% I), CLX (100% R), CN (1.0% R; 1.9% I), NEO (54.4% R; 37.9% I), TE (100% R), CIP (0% R; 0% I), C (36.9% R; 45.6% I), BAC (100% R)
6 (31) (Egypt) 2014–2016 116 (broilers) Disk diffusiona CLSI M100-S20 (2010) AMP (100%), CTX (58.6%), CN (48.3%), KA (69.0%), S (50.0%), C (84.5%), TE (93.1%), SXT (58.6%), NA (84.5%), CIP (41.4%)
7 (32) (Egypt) 2011 73 (broilers) Disk diffusiona CLSI M31-A3 (2008) AMP (97.3%), AMC (35.6%), CFN (65.8%), FOX (61.6%), OXA (78.1%), CTT (60.3%), CTX (23.3%), CPD (21.9%), CO (19.2%), ATM (41.1%), S (93.2%), KA (89.0%), SPC (95.9%), CN (43.8%), C (79.5%), TE (95.9%), SXT (82.2%), NA (67.1%), CIP (15.1%)
8 (36) (Brazil) 2012–2014 15 (broilers) Disk diffusiona CASFM (document not specified) AMX (74.0%), AMC (13.0%), CFN (53.0%), CEF (40.0%), FOX (7.0%), CN (20.0%), NEO (7.0%), APR (0%), TE (40.0%), TMP (34.0%), SXT (34.0%), NA (77.0%), FLM (80.0%), ENR (40.0%), COL (0%)
9 (28)b (Iran) Not specified 100 (chickens) Disk diffusiona CLSI (document not specified) CFX (50.0% R; 34.0% I), CN (17.0% R; 2.0% I), OTC (96.0% R; 1.0% I), DOX (95.0% R; 2.0% I), SXT (89.0% R; 1.0% I), NA (100% R), CIP (91.0% R; 2.0% I), NOR (88.0% R; 3.0% I), COL (99.0% R; 1.0% S); LIP (53.0% R; 6.0% I)
10 (29) (Thailand) 2007–2010 50 (chickens) Disk diffusiona NCCLS M31-A2 (2002) AMP (82.0% R; 18.0% I), AMX (86.0% R; 14.0% I), AMC (28.0% R; 14.0% I), CLX (72.0% R; 28.0% I), CN (24.0% R; 12.0% I), KA (28.0% R; 10.0% I), NEO (62.0% R; 28.0% I), ERY (80.0%; 20.0%), LCM (94.0% R; 6.0% I), LIP (30.0% R; 42.0% I), TIA (100% R), TIM (100% R), TYL (100% R), TE (32.0% R; 26.0% I), OTC (50.0% R; 8.0% I), DOX (30.0% R; 18.0% I), SXT (34.0% R; 6.0% I), ENR (24.0% R; 6.0% I), NOR (20.0% R; 10.0% I), COL (24.0% R; 10.0% I), FOM (8.0% R; 8.0% I)
11 (35) (Spain) 2012 22 (chickens) Disk diffusiona broth microdilution EUCAST (2015) AMP (78.0%), CTX (34.0%), CAZ (31.0%), FOX (13.0%), CFP (0%), S (69.0%), KA (19.0%), CN (16.0%), C (13.0%), FFN (6.0%), TE (91.0%), SXT (63.0%), TMP (59.0%), NA (88.0%), CIP (91.0%), COL (0%)
12 (34) (United States) 1998–2002 80 (chickens) Disk diffusion NCCLS M100-S6 (1995), M2-A6 (1997), M31-A2 (2002) AMP (11.2%), CEF (8.5%), CN (33.8%), AK (0%), SPC (88.8%), TE (67.5%), SDX (92.5%), SXT (5.0%), ENR (5.1%)

In studies where intermediate susceptibility is given, results are presented as: R, resistant; I, intermediate resistant.

CASFM, Comite De L’antibiogramme De La Societe Francaise De Microbiologie; CLSI, Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute; NCCLS, National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards; EUCAST, European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; AK, amikacin; AMX, amoxicillin; AMC, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid; AMP, ampicillin; APR, apramycin; ATM, aztreonam; BAC, bacitracin; C, chloramphenicol; CA, clavulanic acid; CAZ, ceftazidime; CEF, ceftiofur; CFN, cephalothin; CFP, cefepime; CFX, cefuroxime; CIP, ciprofloxacin; CLX, cephalexin; CN, gentamicin; COL, colistin; CPD, cefpodoxime; CRO, ceftriaxone; CTX, cefotaxime; CTT, cefotetan; DIF, difloxacin; DOX, doxycycline; ENR, enrofloxacin; ERY, erythromycin; ETP, ertapenem; FFN, florfenicol; FLM, flumequine; FOM, fosfomycin; FOX, cefoxitin; KA, kanamycin; LCM, lincomycin; LIP, lincospectin; NA, nalidixic acid; NEO, neomycin; NIT, nitrofurantoine; NOR, norfloxacin; ORB, orbifloxacin; OTC, oxytetracycline; OXA, oxacillin; S, streptomycin; SDT, sulfadiazine/trimethoprim; SDX, sulfadimethoxine; SDZ, sulfadiazine; SMX, sulfamethoxazole; SPC, spectinomycin; SSZ, sulfisoxazole; SXT, co-trimoxazole; TE, tetracycline; TIA, tiamulin; TIC, ticarcillin; TIM, tilmicosin; TMP, trimethoprim; TYL, tylosin.

aMIC distributions reported; disk concentrations reported.

bExcluded from summary estimates of resistance.