Table 2.
Summary of results of 7 phenotypic studies on antimicrobial resistance of S. Pullorum/Gallinarum from poultry.
| Study | Reference (country) | Year of study | No. isolates (bacterial spp.) | Testing method | Interpretation | Phenotypic resistance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | (41) (Korea) | 1995–2001 | 258 (SG) | Disk diffusion testa; agar diffusionb | NCCLS M31-A (2000) | AMP (13.0%), AMC (3.9%), CN (43.4%), KA (69.6%), TE (74.8%), OTC (77.9%), SXT (1.5%), COL (0.4%), ENR (6.5%), CIP (10.9%), NOR (52.5%), OFL (82.6%) |
| 2 | (43) (Korea) | 2010–2012 | 26 (SG) | Disk diffusion testa | CLSI M100-s22 (2012) | AMP (0%), CFZ (0%), AMC (0%), CFN (0%), FOX (0%), CTX (0%), IMP (0%), CN (0%), S (0% R; 88.5% I), AK (0%), ERY (100% R), TE (0%), SXT (0%), C (0%), CIP (0%), ENR (0%), NOR (0%) |
| 3 | (44) (Korea) | 2002–2007 | 105 (SG) | Agar dilution test | CLSI M31-A2 (2002), CLSIc (2006), DAMR (2006) | AMP (41.9% R), AMX (24.8% R), S (54.3% R), CN (45.7% R), NEO (7.8% R), TE (16.2% R), SMX (36.2% R), NA (98.1% R), ENR (10.5% R; 83.8% I) |
| 4 | (47) (Brazil) | 2006–2013 | 32 (SP/SG) | Disk diffusiona | CLSI M31-A2 (2002); CLSI M100-S23 (2013) | AMC (0%), CTX (0%), IMP (0%), CAZ (0%), CFP (0%), ETP (0%), CEF (0%), TE (6.3% R), C (0%), FFN (0%), SXT (1%), NA (37.5%), CIP (34.4%), ENR (25.0%) |
| (47) (Brazil) | 2006–2013 | 18 (SP) | Disk diffusiona | As above | AMC (0%), CTX (0%), IMP (0%), CAZ (0%), CFP (0%), ETP (0%), CEF (0%), ETP (0%), TE (0%), C (0%), FFN (0%), SXT (0%), NA (38.9%), CIP (33.3%), ENR (5.6%) | |
| 5 | (48) (China) | 1962–2010 | 337 (SP) | Disk diffusiona | CLSI M100-S22 (2012) | AMP (34.4%), CAB (25.5%), CFM (46.6%), CTX (2.4%), S (61.7%), CN (5.3%), KA (3.9%), SPC (45.0%), C (4.1%), TE (58.7%), SMX (52.8%), TMP (82.8%), SXT (49.4%), NA (69.0%), CIP (4.5%), NIT (26.4%) |
| 6 | (45) (India) | Not given | 4 (SG) | Disk diffusiona | CLSI M100-S25 (2013) | AMP–SBT (0%), AMC (0%), CRO (0%), AK (0%), S (0%), CN (0%), TE (0%), DOX (0%), ERY (0%), AZI (0%), C (0%), SXT (0%), CIP (0%), ENR (0%), COL (0%) |
| 7 | (46) (India) | 2009–2010 | 12 (SG) | Disk diffusiona | Disk manufacturer | AMP (8.3% R; 33.4% I), AMC (0% R; 8.3% I), CLX (0% R; 41.7% I), CN (0% R; 8.3% I), KA (0% R; 66.7% I), NEO (0% R; 58.3% I), TE (16.7% R; 83.3% I), ERY (100% R), C (0% R; 33.4% I), SXT (0% R; 33.4% I), NA (75.2% R; 33.4% I), ENR (0% R; 25.0% I), CIP (0% R; 16.7% I), OFL (0% R; 25.0% I), COL (0% R; 16.7% I) |
In studies where intermediate susceptibility is given, results are presented as: R, fully resistant; I, intermediate resistant; SP, S. Pullorum; SG, S. Gallinarum.
CLSI, Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute; DAMR, Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Program Use of Antimicrobial Agents and Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria from Food Animals, Foods and Humans in Denmark. ISSN 1600-2032; NCCLS, National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards; AMP, ampicillin; AMP-SBT, ampicillin–sulbactam; AMX, amoxicillin; AK, amikacin; AMC, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid; AZI, azithromycin; C, chloramphenicol; CAB, carbenicillin; CAZ, ceftazidime; CEF, ceftiofur; CFM, cefamandole; CFN, cephalothin; CFP, cefepime; CFZ, cefazolin; CN, gentamicin; CIP, ciprofloxacin; CLX, cephalexin; COL, colistin; CRO, ceftriaxone; CTX, cefotaxime; DOX, doxycycline; ENR, enrofloxacin; ERY, erythromycin; ETP, ertapenem; FFN, florfenicol; FOX, cefoxitin; IMP, imipenem; KA, kanamycin; NA, nalidixic acid; NEO, neomycin; NIT, nitrofurantoine; NOR, norfloxacin; OFL, ofloxacin; OTC, oxytetracycline; S, streptomycin; SMX, sulfamethoxazole; SMZ, sulfamethoxazole; SPC, spectinomycin; SXT, co-trimoxazole; TE, tetracycline; TMP, trimethoprim.
aDisk concentrations reported.
bMIC50 reported.
cPerformance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; sixteenth informational supplement.