Table 3.
Summary of results of 8 phenotypic studies on antimicrobial resistance of P. multocida from poultry.
| Study | Reference (country) | Year of study | No. isolates (host species) | Testing method | Interpretation | Phenotypic resistance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | (55) (India) | Not given | 94 (chicken), 22 (duck), 4 (quail), 2 (turkey), 1 (goose) | Disk diffusiona | Disk manufacturer | PEN (49.6% R; 43.9% I), AMP (23.6% R; 22.8% I), CAB (59.3% R; 26.0% I), CN (23.6% R; 20.3% I), S (32.5% R; 44.7% I), AK (55.5% R; 19.5% I), C (6.5% R; 19.5% I), ERY (50.4% R; 49.6% I), LCM (2.4% R; 35.8% I), TE (24.4% R; 43.1% I), OTC (8.1% R; 30.1% I), DOX (25.2% R; 17.9% I), SDZ (100% R), TMP (39.0% R; 9.8% I), SXT (31.7% R; 13.8% I), CIP (8.9% R, 40.6% I), ENR (8.1% R; 20.3% I), NOR (8.1% R; 30.1% I), RIF (44.5% R; 25.2%), NIT (34.1% R; 26.0% I) |
| 2 | (56) (Indonesia) | 1998–1999 | 9 (chicken) | Disk diffusiona | Not indicated | AMP (0% R), CN (11.1% R, 11.1% I), S (22% R, 66.7% I), ERY (22% R, 77.8% I), LCM (100% R), TE (55.6%R; 11.1% I), DOX (11.1% R, 11.1% I), SDZ (100% R), TMP (0% R), ENR (22.2% R, 11.1% I), BAC (44.4% R, 33% I) |
| 3 | (53) (Brazil) | Not given | 56 (chicken, turkey) | Disk diffusiona | CLSI M31-A3 (2008) | AMX (1.8%), CEF (1.8%), CN (1.8%), ERY (5.4%), ENR (23.8%), TE (12.5%), SQN (76.8%), SXT (19.6%) |
| 4 | (58) (Egypt) | Not given | 10 (chicken) | Broth microdilutiona | NCCLS M31-A2 (2006) | AMX (100%), S (0%), FFN (0%), TE (100%), DOX (40%), SXT (0%), CIP (0%) |
| 5 | (33) (United States) | 2001–2003 | 80 (chicken) | Broth microdilutiona | CLSI M31-A2 (2002), NARMS (2006) | AMC (1.2% R), AMP (1.2% R), TIC (0% R), CFN (1.2% R), CEF (1.2% R), CN (2.5% R), SPC (1.2% R), TIM (2.5% R), FFN (1.2% R), TE (6.2% R), SXT (0% R), ENR (1.2% R), DIF (1.2% R), ORB (1.2% R) |
| 6 | (57) (Hungary) | 2005–2008 | 7 (geese), 7 (duck), 1 (muscovy duck), 3 (turkey), 1 (chicken), 1 (pheasant) | Disk diffusiona | NCCLS M2-A8 (2003) | PEN (0% R), CQN (0% R), APR (15.0% R; 40.0% I), NEO (15.0% R), ERY (0% R; 40.0% I), TUL (0% R), C (0% R), FFN (0% R), TE (15.0% R; 5% I), DOX (0% R; 5% I), FLM (40.0% R), ENR (0% R), OXO (40.0% R), SXT (20.0% R), COL (0% R) |
| 7 | (54) (Brazil) | Not given | 99 (chicken), 13 (Japanese quail) | Disk diffusiona | CLSI M31-A3 (2008) | AMP (3.4% R), CFN (1.6% R), AK (1.6% R), TE (5.1% R) |
| 8 | (52) (United States) | 2006–2011 | 207 (chicken) | Broth microdilution | CLSI M31-A2 (2002) | PEN (16.0% R; 16.0% I), AMX (5.0% R; 2.0% I), CEF (3.0% R; 2.0% I), NEO (2.0% R; 9.0% I), CN (6.0% R; 15.0% I), ERY (18.0% R; 78.0% I), TYL (97.0% R; 2.0% I), CLD (97.0% R; 3.0% I), FFN (2.0% R; 4.0% I), TE (9.0% R; 5.0% I), DOX (1.0% R; 0% I), OTC (9.0% R; 5.0% I), STZ (5.0% R; 3.0% I), SDX (9.0% R; 6.0% I), SXT (2.0% R; 2.0% I), ENR (1.0% R; 6.0% I) |
In studies where intermediate susceptibility is given, results are presented as: R, fully resistant; I, intermediate resistant.
CLSI, Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute; NCCLS, National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards; AK, amikacin; AMC, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid; AMP, ampicillin; AMX, amoxicillin; APR, apramcyn; BAC, bacitracin; C, chloramphenicol; CAB, carbenicillin; CEF, ceftiofur; CFN, cephalotin; CIP, ciprofloxacin; CLD, clindamycin; CN, gentamicin; COL, colistin; CQN, cefquinome; DIF, difloxacin; DOX, doxycycline; ENR, enrofloxacin; ERY, erythromycin; FFN, florphenicol; FLM, flumequine; LCM, lincomycin; NEO, neomycin; NOR, norfloxacin; NIT, nitrofurantoine; ORB, orbifloxacin; OTC, oxytetracycline; OXO, oxolinic acid; PEN, penicillin; RIF, rifampicin; S, streptomycin; SDZ, sulfadiazine; SDX, sulfadimethoxine; SPC, spectinomycin; SQN, sulfaquinoxaline; STZ, sulfathiazole; SXT, co-trimoxazole; TE, tetracycline; TIC, ticarcillin; TIM, tilmicosin; TMP, trimethoprim; TYL, tylosin; TUL, tulathromycin.
aMIC distributions reported; disk concentrations reported.