Table 4.
Summary of results of 7 phenotypic studies on antimicrobial resistance of A. paragallinarum from poultry.
| Study | Reference (country) | Year of study | No. isolates | Testing method | Interpretation | Phenotypic resistance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | (63) (Indonesia) | 1991–1999 | 14 | Disk diffusiona | NCCLS (1984) | AMP (7.1% R), NEO (71.4% R), S (78.6% R), ERY (78.6% R), OTC (57.1% R), DOX (35.7% R), SXT (21.4% R) |
| 2 | (64) (Taiwan) | 1990–2003 | 18 | Broth micro dilution | (8) | AMP (38.9% R), NEO (83.3% R), S (88.9% R), ERY (77.8% R), SXT (83.3% R) |
| 3 | (68) (Uganda) | Not given | 5 | Agar dilution | (8) | AMP (60% R), NEO (0%), S (60% R), C (0%), TE (80% R), SMX (60% R) |
| 4b | (65) (Thailand) | 1990–2009 | 18 | Disk diffusion | CLSI M31-A3 (2008) | PEN (27.8% R; 27.8% I), CLX (100%), AMP (33.3% R; 5.5% I), AMX (27.8%), AMC (0%), CEF (27.8%), NEO (100%); CN (5.5% R; 11.1% I), SPC (11.1%), ERY (77.8% R; 16.7% I), TYL (0% R; 5.5% I), LCM (100%), OTC (55.6% R; 5.5% I), DOX (38.9% R; 11.1%), SXT (66.7%), ENR (27.8% R; 11.1% I) |
| 5b | (66) (Thailand) | 1990–2009 | 18 | Broth micro dilutiona | CLSI M100-S21 (2011) and (8) | AMP (5.6% R), AMX (0%), CEF (5.6% R), ERY (66.7% R), CN (55.6% R), S (66.7% R), SPC (50% R), OTC (72.2% R), DOX (66.7% R), SXT (66.7% R), CIP (66.7% R), ENR (50% R) |
| 6 | (5) (Mexico, Ecuador, Peru, Panama) | Not given | 66 | Disk diffusiona | (65) | PEN (26.0% R), AMC (4.7% R), AMP (5.9% R), S (62.1% R), CN (46.8% R), NEO (56.2% R), KA (24.5% R), ERY (73.0% R), LCM (81.5% R), TE (37.8% R), SXT (19.6% R), COL (22.8% R), FOM (1.6% R) |
| 7 | (67) (India) | Not given | 4 | Disk diffusion | Not given | AMP (100% R), AMC (0%), NEO (100% I), S (100% I), C (0%), TE (100% R), OTC (100% R), DOX (100% R), SXT (0%), FUR (100% I), ENR (0%), CIP (0%), PEF (0%) |
In studies where intermediate susceptibility is given, results are presented as: R, fully resistant; I, intermediate resistant.
CLSI, Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute; NCCLS, National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards; AMP, ampicillin; AMC, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid; AMX, amoxicillin; C, chloramphenicol; CEF, ceftiofur; CIP, ciprofloxacin; CLX, cephalexin; CN, gentamicin; COL, colistin; DOX, doxycycline; ENR, enrofloxacin; ERY, erythromycin; FOM, fosfomycin; FUR, furazolidone; KA, kanamycin; LCM, lincomycin; NEO, neomycin; OTC, oxytetracycline; PEN, penicillin; S, streptomycin; SMX, sulfamethoxazole; SPC, spectinomycin; SXT, co-trimoxazole; TE, tetracycline; TYL, tylosin.
aMIC distributions reported; disk concentrations reported.
bSame strain collection (year of study provided by the author as a personal communication).