Table 6.
Summary of results of 7 phenotypic studies on antimicrobial resistance of S. Ornitobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) and B. avium from poultry.
| Study | Reference (country) | Year of study | No. isolates (host type) | Testing method | Interpretation | Phenotypic resistance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (A) Summary of prevalence of phenotypic resistance of ORT from poultry | ||||||
| 1 | (76) (Hungary) | 2009–2013 | 36 (turkeys, chickens, pigeons) | Disk diffusiona, broth micro dilution, for AMX, DOX, and ERYa | CLSI M31-S1 (2004), CLSI M100-S21 (2011) | PEN (30.0% R; 46.7% I), AMP (40.0% R; 23.3% I), AMX (40.0% R; 23.3% I), CEF (63.3% R; 0% I), CN (100% R; 0% I), SPC (0% R; 0% I), C (0% R; 0% I), OTC (20.0% R; 20.0% I), DOX (30.0% R; 16.5% I), ERY (66.7% R; 3.3% I), LCM (70.0% R; 0% I), TIM (13.3% R; 0% I), SUL (60.0% R; 30.0% I), SXT (25.0% R; 33.3% I), NA (100% R), CIP (0% R; 70.0% I), ENR (16.7% R; 63.3% I), COL (76.7% R; 13.3% I) |
| 2 | (77) (United States) | 1996–2002 | 124 (turkeys) | Disk diffusion | NCCLS M31-A2 (2002) | PEN (33.9%), AMP (11.3%), CEF (50.0%), CN (86.3%), ERY (0.8%), SPC (18.2%), TE (21.0%), SDM (99.2%), SCP (40.0%), SXT (96.8%), ENR (50.0%), CLD (0%) |
| 3 | (75) (Belgium) | 1995–1998 | 45 (broilers) | Broth dilutiona | Resistant strains had MICs over three two-fold dilution steps compared with reference strains | AMP (100%), CEF (100%), TYL (97.8%), TIM (95.5%), LCM (100%), DOX (80.0%), TIA (0%), SPI (95.5%), ENR (95.6%), FLM (93.3%) |
| 4 | (74) (Netherlands) | 1996–1999 | 395 (broilers) | Agar dilution; Agar gel diffusion test; E-testb | Provided by the manufacturer | AMX (63.2%), TE (60.9%), SXT (89.3%), ENR (91.6%) |
| (B) Summary of prevalence of phenotypic resistance of B. avium from poultry | ||||||
| 1 | (34) (United States) | 1998–2002 | 4 (turkeys) | Disk diffusion | CLSI M31-A2 (2002) | AMP (0%), CN (0%), NEO (0%), TE (0%), SXT (0%), ERY (100% R) |
| 2 | (76) (Hungary, Germany) | 1985–2012 | 13 (turkeys), 2 (chickens), 1 (duck), 1 (goose), 1 (partridge), 1 (unknown) | Disk diffusiona, broth microdilutiona | CLSI M31-A2 (2002) | PEN (52.6% R; 47.4% I), AMP (0% R; 47.3% I), AMX (0% R; 15.8% I), CEF (100%), CN (0% R; 0% I), SPC (0% R; 0% I), ERY (57.9% R; 32.1% I), LCM (100% R), TIM (5.2% R; 0% I), C (0% R; 73.7% I), DOX (0% R; 0% I), OTC (0% R; 10.5% I), SUL (0% R; 0% I), SXT (15.8% R; 0% I), CIP (0% R; 31.6% I), NA (26.3% R; 47.4% I), ENR (15.8% R; 84.2% I), COL (0% R; 0% I) |
| 3 | (85) (United States) | Before 2011 | 12 (turkeys) | Broth microdilution | Levels of resistance defined in relation to the maximum dose for each antimicrobial | CTX (16.7% R; 0% I), CRO (8.3% R; 41.7% I), IMP (8.3% R; 0% I), TIC (8.3% R; 16.7% I), CAB (8.3% R; 0% I), AMP/SBM (0% R; 58.3% I), TIC/CA (0% R; 8.3% I), ATM (83.3% R; 16.7% I), TOB (8.3% R; 0% I), C (0% R; 25.5% I), TE (16.7% R; 0% I), SXT (25.0% R; 0% I), SSZ (41.7% R; 0% I), CIP (0% R; 33.0% I), LOM (8.3% R; 25.0% I), LEV (0% R; 8.3% I) |
CLSI, Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute; NCCLS, National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards; AMP, ampicillin; AMP/SBM, ampicillin–sulbactam; AMX, amoxicillin; ATM, aztreonam; C, chloramphenicol; CAB, carbenicillin; CEF, ceftiofur; CIP, ciprofloxacin; CN, gentamicin; CLD, clindamycin; COL, colistin; CTX, cefotaxime; CRO, ceftriaxone; DOX, doxycycline; IMP, imipenem; ENR, enrofloxacin; ERY, erythromycin; FLM, flumequine; LCM, lincomycin; LEV, levofloxacin; LOM, lomefloxacin; NA, nalidixic acid; NEO, neomycin; OTC, oxytetracycline; PEN, penicillin; SBM, sulbactam; SCP, sulfachloropyridazine; SPC, spectinomycin; SUL, sulfonamide (unspecified); SPI, spiramycin; SXT, co-trimoxazole; SSZ, sulfisoxazole; SUL, sulfonamides (unspecified type); TIC, ticarcillin; TOB, tobramycin; TE, tetracycline; TIA, tiamulin; TIM, tilmicosin; TYL, tylosin.
aDisk concentrations given; MIC distribution reported; disk concentrations reported.
bMICs provided for multi-resistant strains.