PDAC is associated with high lactate and taurine levels in human tissue samples. (A) Representative CPMG spectra of human pancreata from an uninvolved biopsy (top), a pancreatitis sample (middle), and a PDAC sample (bottom). Spectra display an increase in lactate and taurine associated with PDAC. All spectra illustrate normalization to sample weight. (B) Average lactate, taurine, and tCho levels as determined from 1H HR-MAS of uninvolved, pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer tissue samples based on a global analysis without regard to patient matching. Lactate and taurine levels increased significantly in pancreatic cancer samples. *p
< 0.05. (C) Average lactate, taurine, and tCho levels based on a patient-matched analysis. Both lactate and taurine levels increased significantly in pancreatic cancer samples. *p
< 0.05.