Table 1.

Characteristics and management of trigeminal neuralgia in the maxillofacial region.

Diseases	Clinical features	Pharmacological treatments	Side effects	Surgical /local treatments	Limitation
Trigeminal neuralgia	Pain, electric shock like Pain duration, seconds Intensity, severe Localization, good Characteristics, trigger zone, diurnal Trigger points, nonnoxious stimulus	Carbamazepine	(i) Development of resistance and intolerance (ii) Dizziness (iii) Nausea (iv) Ataxia (v) Vomiting (vi) Xerostomia	Percutaneous trigeminal rhizotomy	(i) Recurrence of pain (ii) Dysesthesia (troublesome numbness) (iii) Loss of corneal reflex
		Oxcarbazepine	(i) Dizziness (ii) Fatigue (iii) Nausea (iv) Vomiting (v) Headache (vi) Acne (vii) Dry mouth (viii) Constipation	Ablative peripheral procedures (neurectomy)	(i) Less morbidity but with chance of recurrence
		Gabapentin	(i) Dizziness (ii) Fatigue (iii) weight gain (iv) Drowsiness (v) peripheral edema	Microvascular decompression	(i) Low recurrence of pain (ii) Chance of causing nerve damage (iii) Haring loss, double vision, facial numbness, or paralysis
		Pregabalin	(i) Dizziness (ii) Blurred vision (iii) Diplopia (iv) Increased appetite and subsequent weight gain (v) Euphoria, confusion, and vivid dreams (vi) Changes in libido (increase or decrease) (vii) Memory impairment (viii) Tremors (ix) Dry mouth (x) Erectile dysfunction (xi) Peripheral edema (xii) Nasopharyngitis (xiii) Increased creatinine kinase level
		Topiramate	(i) Paresthesia (ii) Nausea (iii) Lack of concentration (iv) Diplopia (v) Nervousness and dizziness (vi) Memory impairment (vii) Speech disturbance (viii) Disturbance (ix) Diarrhea	Gamma knife radiosurgery	(i) Tenderness develops where the screws or pins were placed (ii) Hair loss where the radiation was directed (iii) Damage to surrounding tissues in the brain, caused by swelling
Trigeminal neuralgia	Pain, electric shock like Pain duration, seconds Intensity, severe Localization, good Characteristics, trigger zone, diurnal Trigger points, nonnoxious stimulus	Valproates	(i) Skin rash (ii) Hair loss (iii) Weight gain	Myotherapy	(i) Regular monitoring is not possible
		Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)	(i) Sedation (ii) Dry mouth (iii) Blurred vision (iv) Breast enlargement in males (v) Constipation, mania (vi) Weight gain (vii) High blood glucose level	Injections	(i) As it is a painful procedure, the patient feels uncomfortable during injection
		Sedatives (on condition)	(i) Apnea (ii) Physical dependence (iii) Decreased mean arterial pressure (iv) Tachycardia (v) Paradoxical excitement	Acupuncture	(i) Painful procedure
				Therapeutic ultrasound	(i) A skilled person is needed, and the patient is still under observation