Table 3.

Characteristics and management of glossopharyngeal neuralgia in the maxillofacial region.

Diseases	Clinical features	Pharmacological treatments	Surgical /local treatments	Limitation
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia	Pain, dull type Pain duration, short duration Intensity, mild to moderate Localization, diffuse Characteristics, usually pain in the throat/ mouth floor Trigger point, swallowing	Carbamazepine	GN nerve block	(i) Chance of trauma to the internal jugular vein and carotid artery (ii) Hematoma formation
		Gabapentin pregabalin	Myotherapy Percutaneous radiofrequency thermal rhizotomy	(i) Regular monitoring is not possible (ii) Recurrence (iii) Hoarseness of voice (iv) Vocal cord paralysis, and dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing)
			Injections	(i) As it is a painful procedure, the patient feels uncomfortable during injection
			Direct section of the nerve in the cerebellopontine angle	(i) High morbidity with neurologic and life threatening condition (ii) Thromboembolic complication (iii) Meningitis (iv) Cerebrospinal fluid leak, (v) Cutaneous flap distension (vi) Facial nerve dysfunction (vii) Ocular dysfunction (viii) Tinnitus
		Sedatives (on condition)	Microvascular decompression	(i) Low recurrence of pain (ii) Chance of nerve damage result (iii) Hoarseness (iv) Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) (v) Unsteady gait