Table 4.
Modifiers of effect of 6 month PM2.5 exposure on olfactory dysfunction. Models controlled for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, cognition, comorbidity, smoking, and season.
| Effect Modifier | Odds Ratio per 1-IQR (7.4 μg/m3) increase in 6 month PM2.5 exposure (95% Confidence Interval) | P-value for interaction |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) (n = 2,210) | 0.002 | |
| 57–64 | 2.15 (1.45, 3.20 | |
| 65–74 | 1.11 (0.80, 1.54) | |
| 75–85 | 1.00 (0.79, 1.25) | |
| Gender (n = 2,210) | 0.578 | |
| Men | 1.21 (0.91, 1.61) | |
| Women | 1.34 (1.06, 1.68) | |
| Race/ethnicity (n = 2,210) | 0.694 | |
| White | 1.21 (0.97, 1.51) | |
| Black | 1.59 (1.01, 2.51) | |
| Hispanic, non-Black | 1.42 (0.83, 2.44) | |
| Other | 1.26 (0.56, 2.80) | |
| Education (n = 2,210) | 0.395 | |
| < High school | 1.40 (1.01, 1.95) | |
| High school graduate or equivalent | 1.59 (1.14, 2.22) | |
| Some college | 1.06 (0.70, 1.61) | |
| Bachelors or higher | 1.14 (0.69, 1.88) | |
| Comorbidity (modified Charlson index) (n = 2,210)a + | 0.867 | |
| 0 | 1.26 (0.96, 1.67) | |
| 5 | 1.31 (1.00, 1.71) | |
| Smoking (n = 2,210) | 0.545 | |
| Not current smoker | 1.31 (1.08, 1.59) | |
| Current smoker | 1.15 (0.76, 1.75) | |
| Region (n = 2,210) | 0.034 | |
| West | 0.95 (0.81, 1.12) | |
| Midwest | 1.00 (0.62, 1.61) | |
| South | 1.43 (0.97, 2.10) | |
| Northeast | 2.12 (1.17, 3.83) | |
| Employment status (n = 2,209) | 0.013 | |
| Not working | 1.13 (0.92, 1.40) | |
| Working | 1.74 (1.27, 2.38) | |
| Physical Activity (n = 2,207) | 0.958 | |
| Low activity (< 1 time per week) | 1.28 (0.89, 1.86) | |
| High activity (1+ times weekly) | 1.27 (1.03, 1.56) |
a
ORs for comorbidity index are presented for 5th and 95th percentiles (0 and 5, respectively) to represent a range of values for this variable.