Table 4. Associated Factors of Osteoporosis in Elderly Males With Calculation of Odds Ratio (OR) and Adjusted OR Using Multiple Logistic Regression Analysisa,b,c.
| Variables | Unadjusted OR | P | Adjusted OR | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | ||||
| 60 - 69 | 1 | - | - | |
| 70 - 79 | 0.84 (0.46 - 1.52) | 0.56 | 0.72 (0.38 - 1.36) | 0.31 |
| > 80 | 2.15 (1.009 - 4.59) | 0.046 | 1.60 (0.69 - 3.7) | 0.27 |
| BMI, kg/m 2d | ||||
| < 25 | 1 | - | 1 | |
| 25 - 29 | 0.20 (0.11 - 0.36) | 0.001 | 0.21 (0.10 - 0.42) | 0.001 |
| > 30 | 0.29 (0.07 - 0.54) | 0.001 | 0.25 (0.06 - 0.92) | 0.038 |
| Serum vitamin D, ng/mL e | ||||
| > 30 | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| 20 - 29 | 0.56 (0.32 - 0.98) | 0.049 | 0.92 (0.47 - 1.81) | 0.82 |
| < 20 | 0.61 (0.35 - 1.07) | 0.095 | 1.3 (0.68 - 2.5) | 0.41 |
| Testostrone, ng/dL f | ||||
| < 3 | 1 | - | 1 | 0.16 |
| 3 - 10 | 0.75 (0.46 - 1.21) | 0.26 | 0.66 (0.38 - 1.17) | 0.49 |
| > 10 | 0.76 (0.31 - 1.86) | 0.67 | 0.69 (0.25 - 1.94) | |
| Education levels | ||||
| Illiterate | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Primary school | 0.70 (0.41 - 1.18) | 0.11 | 0.86 (0.47 - 1.58) | 0.63 |
| High school and university | 0.30 (0.11 - 0.77) | 0.004 | 0.46 (0.15 - 1.39) | 0.17 |
| Physical activity g | ||||
| > 150 vs. < 150 | 1.05 (0.57 - 1.94) | 0.87 | 0.92 (0.46 - 1.82) | 0.81 |
| Diabetes | ||||
| Yes vs. NO | 0.35 (0.18 - 0.68) | 0.001 | 0.31 (0.13 - 0.73) | 0.007 |
| Metabolic syndrome | ||||
| Yes vs. No | 0.37 (0.23 - 0.58) | 0.002 | 0.82 (0.45 - 1.5) | 0.54 |
| Inhaled corticosteroids | ||||
| Yes vs. No | 2.66 (1.24 - 5.68) | 0.017 | 2.16 (0.83 - 5.6) | 0.11 |
| Abdominal obesity h | ||||
| Yes vs. No | 0.25 (0.12 - 0.51) | 0.009 | 0.69 (0.26 - 1.85) | 0.47 |
| Anemia i | ||||
| Yes vs. No | 2.59 (1.50 - 4.45) | 0.007 | 1.99 (1.03 - 3.8) | 0.038 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Yes vs. No | 0.97 (0.60 - 1.57) | 0.91 | 0.82 (0.46 - 1.45) | 0.51 |
| History of fracture | ||||
| Yes vs. No | 1.97 (1.23 - 3.15) | 0.005 | 2.22 (1.26 - 3.93) | 0.006 |
| Serum ferritin j | ||||
| > 100 vs. < 100 | 0.66 (0.42 - 1.05) | 0.097 | 0.98 (0.57 - 1.67) | 0.94 |
| Quadriceps muscle | ||||
| strength > 30 kg vs. < 30 kg | 0.42 (0.23 - 0.76) | 0.005 | 0.48 (0.25 - 0.89) | 0.002 |
aOsteoporosis at either femoral neck or lumbar spine according to International society for clinical densitometry (ISCD) criteria.
bChi square test with calculation of 95% CI.
dBMD < 25 kg/m2 = normal weight or underweight, 25 - 29 = overweight , > 30 = obesity.
eSerum 25-OHD < 20 ng/mL = deficiency, 20 - 29.9 = insufficiency, > 30 = sufficiency.
fSerum testosterone < 3 ng/dL = low, 3 - 10 =normal, > 10 = high.
gDetermined using questionnaire for daily physical activity > 150 = high, < 150 = low.
hWC > 95 cm.
iAnemia defined as hemoglobin levels less than 13 gr/dL.
jSerum ferritin > 100 ng/mL = high < 100 ng/mL = low.
cMultiple regression analysis with calculation of 95% CI.