Fig. 3.

Glutathione and thioredoxin maintain HMGB1 in reduced form during sepsis. (A) Glutathione and thioredoxin activity in the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments of fractionated whole kidneys and in the plasma 24 h after mice were treated with low (10 µg/kg) or high (1 mg/kg) LPS dose. Values in the graphs are represented by percent change relative to control. n = 4–5 (except thioredoxin plasma and cytoplasm treated with 10 µg/kg of LPS, which had an n = 3). Thiol content of HMGB1 localized in the (B) nucleus and (C) cytoplasm of HUVEC 24 h after treatment with LPS (10 µg/ml) and specific inhibitors of glutathione (L-BSO) or thioredoxin (Auranofin). *p ≤ 0.05 vs. control. n = 4–5. Thiol content of HMGB1 localized in the (D) nucleus and (E) cytoplasm of HK-2 cells 24 h after treatment with LPS (10 µg/ml) and L-BSO or Auranofin. *p ≤ 0.05 vs. control; †p≤0.10 vs. control. n = 4–5.