Table 2.
Hazard Ratios (95% CI) for Coronary Heart Disease according to deciles of the Overall Plant-based Diet Index
| Decile 1 | Decile 2 | Decile 3 | Decile 4 | Decile 5 | Decile 6 | Decile 7 | Decile 8 | Decile 9 | Decile 10 | HR (95% CI) per 10 units | P Trend* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Nurses’ Health Study
| ||||||||||||
| Median | 45.3 | 48.7 | 50.7 | 52.2 | 53.7 | 55.0 | 56.5 | 58.0 | 60.0 | 63.5 | ||
| Cases/PY | 354/187576 | 345/182392 | 342/188258 | 295/175859 | 352/200856 | 272/183715 | 337/192344 | 298/184899 | 326/190404 | 312/190640 | ||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.83, 1.11) |
0.92 (0.80, 1.07) |
0.83 (0.71, 0.97) |
0.86 (0.75, 1.00) |
0.71 (0.61, 0.84) |
0.82 (0.70, 0.95) |
0.74 (0.64, 0.87) |
0.78 (0.67, 0.90) |
0.70 (0.60, 0.82) |
0.81 (0.76, 0.87) |
<0.001 |
| Multivariable adjusted | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.88, 1.18) |
1.04 (0.90, 1.21) |
0.97 (0.83, 1.13) |
1.01 (0.87, 1.18) |
0.88 (0.75, 1.03) |
0.97 (0.83, 1.13) |
0.92 (0.79, 1.09) |
0.95 (0.81, 1.12) |
0.87 (0.74, 1.03) |
0.92 (0.85, 0.98) |
0.04 |
|
Nurses’ Health Study 2 | ||||||||||||
| Median | 45.0 | 48.5 | 50.7 | 52.3 | 53.8 | 55.0 | 56.8 | 58.5 | 60.7 | 64.0 | ||
| Cases/PY | 91/195183 | 75/194826 | 75/204890 | 73/197879 | 63/187964 | 67/202075 | 56/215822 | 51/201307 | 60/200824 | 56/199175 | ||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.84 (0.62, 1.15) |
0.77 (0.57, 1.05) |
0.78 (0.58, 1.07) |
0.67 (0.48, 0.92) |
0.69 (0.51, 0.95) |
0.54 (0.39, 0.76) |
0.51 (0.36, 0.71) |
0.59 (0.43, 0.82) |
0.54 (0.39, 0.75) |
0.69 (0.60, 0.79) |
<0.001 |
| Multivariable adjusted | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.70, 1.29) |
0.91 (0.67, 1.24) |
0.95 (0.69, 1.29) |
0.80 (0.58, 1.12) |
0.89 (0.64, 1.23) |
0.71 (0.50, 1.01) |
0.66 (0.46, 0.95) |
0.80 (0.56, 1.13) |
0.77 (0.54, 1.11) |
0.81 (0.70, 0.95) |
0.02 |
|
Health Professionals Follow-Up Study | ||||||||||||
| Median | 45.0 | 48.0 | 50.4 | 52.0 | 54.0 | 55.3 | 57.0 | 58.5 | 60.8 | 64.2 | ||
| Cases/PY | 492/86581 | 441/87892 | 409/88955 | 471/97460 | 434/86993 | 449/94437 | 369/80989 | 435/89147 | 397/92546 | 463/92145 | ||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.79, 1.02) |
0.80 0.70, 0.91) | 0.83 (0.73, 0.94) |
0.86 (0.75, 0.97) |
0.81 (0.71, 0.92) |
0.73 (0.64, 0.84) |
0.79 (0.69, 0.90) |
0.69 (0.60, 0.79) |
0.79 (0.70, 0.90) |
0.88 (0.84, 0.92) |
<0.001 |
| Multivariable adjusted | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.85, 1.10) |
0.88 (0.77, 1.01) |
0.91 (0.80, 1.04) |
0.98 (0.86, 1.12) |
0.92 (0.81, 1.05) |
0.85 (0.74, 0.98) |
0.91 (0.80, 1.04) |
0.82 (0.71, 0.94) |
0.95 (0.83, 1.09) |
0.96 (0.90, 1.01) |
0.10 |
|
Pooled results (fixed effects model) | ||||||||||||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.84, 1.01) |
0.85 (0.78, 0.94) |
0.83 (0.76, 0.91) |
0.85 (0.78, 0.93) |
0.77 (0.70, 0.84) |
0.76 (0.69, 0.84) |
0.75 (0.68, 0.82) |
0.71 (0.65, 0.78) |
0.75†‡ (0.68, 0.82) |
0.84†‖ (0.81, 0.87) |
<0.001†‖ |
| Multivariable adjusted | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.91, 1.09) |
0.96 (0.87, 1.05) |
0.94 (0.86, 1.04) |
0.99 (0.90, 1.08) |
0.91 (0.83, 1.00) |
0.90 (0.82, 0.99) |
0.90 (0.82, 0.99) |
0.87 (0.79, 0.96) |
0.92 (0.83, 1.01) |
0.93 (0.90, 0.97) |
0.003 |
Multivariable adjusted model: Adjusted for age (years), smoking status (never, past, current [1–14, 15–24, or ≥25 cigarettes/day]), physical activity (<3, 3–8.9, 9–17.9, 18–26.9, or ≥27 metabolic equivalent task hours/week), alcohol intake (0, 0.1–4.9, 5–9.9, 10–14.9, or ≥15 g/day), multivitamin use (yes/no), aspirin use (yes/no), family history of CHD (yes/no), margarine intake (quintiles), energy intake (quintiles), baseline hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes (yes/no), and updated body mass index (<21, 21–22.9, 23–24.9, 25–26.9, 27–29.9, 30–32.9, 33–34.9, 35–39.9, or ≥40 kg/m2). Also adjusted for postmenopausal hormone use in NHS & NHS2 (premenopausal, postmenopausal current, past or never user), and for oral contraceptive use in NHS2 (never, past, or current user).
P value when we assigned the median value to each decile and entered this as a continuous variable in the model
P value for Q-statistic for heterogeneity <0.05, indicating statistically significant heterogeneity in HRs among the three studies
I2 statistic=60–69%;
I2 statistic=70–79%;
I2 statistic=80–89%