Table 3.
Hazard Ratios (95% CI) for Coronary Heart Disease according to deciles of the Healthful Plant-based Diet Index
| Decile 1 | Decile 2 | Decile 3 | Decile 4 | Decile 5 | Decile 6 | Decile 7 | Decile 8 | Decile 9 | Decile 10 | HR (95% CI) per 10 units | P trend* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Nurses’ Health Study
| ||||||||||||
| Median | 44.3 | 48.0 | 50.5 | 52.4 | 54.0 | 55.8 | 57.5 | 59.3 | 61.7 | 65.5 | ||
| Cases/PY | 359/18835 2 | 323/186140 | 327/190716 | 327/187664 | 313/183877 | 322/191819 | 306/188145 | 330/187373 | 322/184367 | 304/188490 | ||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.73, 0.99) |
0.80 (0.69, 0.93) |
0.78 (0.67, 0.91) |
0.74 (0.64, 0.86) |
0.71 (0.61, 0.83) |
0.66 (0.57, 0.77) |
0.70 (0.60, 0.81) |
0.66 (0.57, 0.77) |
0.57 (0.49, 0.67) |
0.80 (0.75, 0.84) |
<0.001 |
| Multivariable adjusted | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.78, 1.06) |
0.90 (0.77, 1.05) |
0.88 (0.75, 1.02) |
0.87 (0.74, 1.01) |
0.83 (0.71, 0.97) |
0.76 (0.65, 0.90) |
0.83 (0.71, 0.98) |
0.78 (0.67, 0.92) |
0.68 (0.57, 0.80) |
0.86 (0.81, 0.91) |
<0.001 |
|
Nurses’ Health Study 2 | ||||||||||||
| Median | 44.0 | 48.0 | 50.5 | 52.3 | 54.0 | 55.8 | 57.3 | 59.2 | 61.6 | 65.6 | ||
| Cases/PY | 79/203121 | 72/192054 | 78/220042 | 61/187944 | 76/207405 | 70/201138 | 60/196640 | 65/199695 | 62/192381 | 44/199524 | ||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.66, 1.24) |
0.87 (0.64, 1.19) |
0.74 (0.53, 1.03) |
0.84 (0.61, 1.15) |
0.76 (0.55, 1.05) |
0.67 (0.47, 0.93) |
0.67 (0.48, 0.93) |
0.65 (0.47, 0.91) |
0.42 (0.29, 0.61) |
0.72 (0.64, 0.81) |
<0.001 |
| Multivariable adjusted | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.71, 1.35) |
0.97 (0.71, 1.34) |
0.85 (0.60, 1.19) |
0.98 (0.71, 1.35) |
0.87 (0.62, 1.21) |
0.78 (0.55, 1.11) |
0.80 (0.57, 1.13) |
0.77 (0.54, 1.09) |
0.53 (0.36, 0.79) |
0.79 (0.69, 0.90) |
0.001 |
|
Health Professionals Follow-Up Study | ||||||||||||
| Median | 43.0 | 47.2 | 50.0 | 52.0 | 53.8 | 55.5 | 57.2 | 59.2 | 62.0 | 66.0 | ||
| Cases/PY | 413/88274 | 452/89330 | 404/92920 | 486/93019 | 425/88417 | 448/89543 | 425/89922 | 431/85604 | 424/91479 | 452/88635 | ||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.84, 1.10) |
0.84 (0.73, 0.96) |
0.95 (0.83, 1.08) |
0.84 (0.74, 0.97) |
0.86 (0.75, 0.98) |
0.79 (0.69, 0.90) |
0.82 (0.72, 0.94) |
0.74 (0.65, 0.85) |
0.77 (0.67, 0.88) |
0.88 (0.84, 0.92) |
<0.001 |
| Multivariable adjusted | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.87, 1.14) |
0.87 (0.76, 1.00) |
0.99 (0.86, 1.13) |
0.89 (0.78, 1.03) |
0.91 (0.79, 1.04) |
0.84 (0.73, 0.97) |
0.89 (0.77, 1.02) |
0.80 (0.70, 0.93) |
0.84 (0.73, 0.97) |
0.90 (0.86, 0.95) |
<0.001 |
|
Pooled results (fixed effects model) | ||||||||||||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.82, 0.99) |
0.82 (0.74, 0.90) |
0.86 (0.78, 0.94) |
0.79 (0.72, 0.87) |
0.78 (0.71, 0.85) |
0.72 (0.66, 0.79) |
0.75 (0.68, 0.82) |
0.70 (0.63, 0.76) |
0.66†‖ (0.60, 0.73) |
0.84†‖ (0.81, 0.86) |
<0.001†‖ |
| Multivariable adjusted | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.86, 1.04) |
0.88 (0.80, 0.97) |
0.92 (0.84, 1.01) |
0.88 (0.80, 0.97) |
0.86 (0.78, 0.95) |
0.80 (0.73, 0.88) |
0.85 (0.77, 0.94) |
0.79 (0.71, 0.87) |
0.75 (0.68, 0.83) |
0.88 (0.85, 0.91) |
<0.001 |
Multivariable adjusted model: Adjusted for age (years), smoking status (never, past, current [1–14, 15–24, or ≥25 cigarettes/day]), physical activity (<3, 3–8.9, 9–17.9, 18–26.9, or ≥27 metabolic equivalent task hours/week), alcohol intake (0, 0.1–4.9, 5–9.9, 10–14.9, or ≥15 g/day), multivitamin use (yes/no), aspirin use (yes/no), family history of CHD (yes/no), margarine intake (quintiles), energy intake (quintiles), baseline hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes (yes/no), and updated body mass index (<21, 21–22.9, 23–24.9, 25–26.9, 27–29.9, 30–32.9, 33–34.9, 35–39.9, or ≥40 kg/m2). Also adjusted for postmenopausal hormone use in NHS & NHS2 (premenopausal, postmenopausal current, past or never user), and for oral contraceptive use in NHS2 (never, past, or current user).
P value when we assigned the median value to each decile and entered this as a continuous variable in the model
P value for Q-statistic for heterogeneity <0.05, indicating statistically significant heterogeneity in HRs among the three studies
I2 statistic=60–69%;
I2 statistic=70–79%;
I2 statistic=80–89%