Table 1.
Selected genes that are induced by HA fragments and the cells in which this occurs.42
| Category | Gene/protein | Cell type |
|---|---|---|
| Chemokines | CCL3 | Macrophages |
| CCL4 | Macrophages | |
| CXCL2 | Macrophages | |
| CCL5 | Macrophages | |
| CCL2 | Renal tubular epithelial cells | |
| CXCL10 | Macrophage | |
| CXCL9 | Macrophage | |
| CXCL1 | Endothelial cells | |
| CCL5 | Macrophages | |
| IL-8 | Endothelial cells, epithelial cells | |
| CXCL1 | Macrophages | |
| Cytokines | IL-12 | Macrophages, dendritic cells |
| TNF-α | Dendritic cells | |
| IL-1β | Dendritic cells | |
| Growth factors | TGF-β2 | Monocytes |
| IGF-I | Macrophages | |
| Transcription factors | IκBα | Macrophages |
| AP-1 | Endothelial cells | |
| Rest | Monocytes | |
| ECM | MMP-10 | Endothelial cells |
| MMP-13 | Monocytes, dendritic cells | |
| PAI-1 | Macrophages | |
| uPA | Macrophages | |
| MME | Macrophages | |
| MMP-9 | Dendritic cells | |
| Collagen VIII | Endothelial cells | |
| HSPG | Syndecan-4 | Endothelial cells |
| Others | iNOS | Hepatocytes, endothelial, Kupffer, and stellate cells |
| COX-2 | Renal tubular epithelial cells | |
| MDR-1 | Lymphocytes | |
| Trdn | Monocytes | |
| Frk | Monocytes |
Abbreviations: AP-1, activator protein 1; CCL, chemokine ligand; COX-2, cyclooxygenase 2; CXC, chemokine receptor; ECM, extracellular matrix; Frk, fractalkine; HA, hyaluronan; HSPG, heparin sulfate proteoglycan; IGF-1, insulinlike growth factor 1; IκBα, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor α; IL, interleukin; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; MDR-1, multidrug resistance protein 1; MME, macrophage metalloelastase; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; TGF-β2, transforming growth factor β2; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; Trdn, triadin; uPA, urokinase-type plasminogen activator.