Table 6.

Overall summary of studies of lung and pleural responses to specific types of carbon nanotube or nanofiber (CNT or CNF) in animals.

Type and source of carbon nanotube or nanofiber	Dimensions*		Lung Effects (rat, mouse)					Pleural Effects (rat, mouse)
	Diameter (nm)	Length (μm)	Biopersistent, interstitial retention	Bronchiol- alveolar hyperplasia	Genotoxicity	Fibrosis	Persistent inflammation	Translocation from lungs to pleura	Pleural inflammation, injury, &/or proliferation
Multi-walled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT)
Baytubes® (Bayer)	10	0.2	Pauluhn 2010			Pauluhn 2010	Pauluhn 2010
MWCNT-7 (Mitsui)	50	4	Mercer et al. 2011, 2013a; Xu et al. 2012	Porter et al. 2013; Sargent et al. 2014		Porter et al. 2010, 2013; Kasai et al. 2015	Porter et al. 2010, 2013; Aiso et al. 2010; Mercer et al. 2011, 2013a; Kasai et al. 2015	Porter et al. 2010; Mercer et al. 2010, 2011, 2013a,b; Xu et al. 2012	Xu et al. 2012
NTlong1 (Mitsui)	40–50	13		Muhlfeld et al. 2012		Muhlfeld et al. 2012
NTtang1 (Nanolab)	15	1–5		Muhlfeld et al. 2012		Muhlfeld et al. 2012
MWCNT-N (Nikkiso)	nr	3	Xu et al. 2012					Xu et al. 2012	Xu et al. 2012
	63	1.1	Oyabu et al. 2011				Morimoto et al. 2012b
Helix	20	0.5–50	Ryman-Rasmussen et al. 2009					Ryman-Rasmussen et al. 2009	Ryman-Rasmussen et al. 2009
Nanocyl	10	5	Muller et al. 2005	Ma-Hock et al. 2009	Muller et al. 2008 (G)	Treumann et al. 2013	Ma-Hock et al. 2009; Muller et al. 2008 (G)
Graphi-strength© C100 (Arkema)	12	~1	Pothmann et al. 2015	Pothmann et al. 2015	Cao et al. 2014; Pothmann et al. 2015		Pothmann et al. 2015
CM-95/100 (Hanwha Nanotech)	12	0.5 (CM-95) 2.6 (CM-100)		Yu et al. 2013	Kim et al. 2014		Kim et al. 2014	Kim et al. 2014
Single-walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT)
Hipco	1	0.9			Shvedova et al. 2005, 2008, 2014	Shvedova et al. 2005, 2008	Shvedova et al., 2005, 2008
Super-growth CVD	3	0.32			Fujita et al. 2015		Kobayashi et al. 2011
							Morimoto et al. 2012a; Fujita et al. 2015
Nikkiso	1.8	0.69					Morimoto et al. 2012c
Carbon nanofiber (CNF)
CNF (Pyrograph)	80–160	5–30				Murray et al. 2012	Murray et al. 2012
CNF (Showa Denko)	158 (mean)	5.8 (mean)		DeLorme et al. 2012			DeLorme et al. 2012		DeLorme et al. 2012

Source: Created for this paper. An earlier draft of this table was developed by the Mechanisms subgroup members and used in some of its deliberations, but the earlier table was not included in the monograph.

Key:

Positive study (i.e., adverse effect observed on specified endpoint by type of CNT or CNF for the doses and assays used)

Negative study (i.e., no adverse effect on specified endpoint by type of CNT or CNF for the doses and assays used)

Lack of data

Abbreviations: (G): ground CNT; nr: not reported

^*Approximate mid-point, if not stated otherwise; values were reported differently across publications.