Table 1. Characteristics of partnered and single parents.
| Partnered fathers | Single fathers | Partnered mothers | Single mothers | Suspicious depression | Suicidal ideation | Alcohol dependence | Any of three | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 5014) | (n = 141) | (n = 6462) | (n = 407) | |||||||
| N | (col%) | (col%) | (col%) | (col%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | ||
| Sex | Men | 5155 | 7.8*** | 7.2*** | 12.5*** | 21.8 | ||||
| Women | 6869 | 14.7 | 13.2 | 1.4 | 21.3 | |||||
| Age (year) | 30–39 | 5518 | 37.7 | 25.5 | 50.9 | 30.9 | 10.3*** | 9.4* | 6.2** | 19.8*** |
| 40–49 | 5548 | 51.4 | 56.9 | 45.2 | 57.4 | 11.2 | 10.3 | 7.2 | 22.1 | |
| 50–59 | 958 | 10.9 | 17.6 | 3.9 | 11.7 | 16.7 | 13.2 | 9.9 | 27.6 | |
| Number of children | 1 | 3638 | 30.9 | 55.1 | 30.7 | 44.8 | 12.5* | 11.1** | 6.1 | 21.6 |
| 2 | 6860 | 56.3 | 39.8 | 57.1 | 44.9 | 10.5 | 9.3 | 7.2 | 21.0 | |
| ≥3(3 ~6) | 1526 | 12.7 | 5.1 | 12.2 | 10.3 | 11.1 | 11.9 | 8.1 | 23.9 | |
| Age of the youngest child (years) | <7y | 4900 | 43.3 | 10.8 | 40.0 | 15.5 | 9.5*** | 9.3** | 6.5 | 19.8** |
| 7-<13 | 3960 | 32.3 | 37.1 | 33.3 | 32.7 | 11.4 | 9.8 | 7.8 | 22.2 | |
| 13-<20 | 3164 | 24.4 | 52.1 | 26.7 | 51.8 | 13.7 | 11.9 | 6.7 | 23.4 | |
| Number of chronic diseases | 0 | 9531 | 77.9 | 72.8 | 80.6 | 71.4 | 10.2*** | 9.4*** | 6.8* | 20.3*** |
| 1 | 1958 | 17.0 | 14.2 | 15.8 | 21.7 | 14.2 | 12.4 | 7.1 | 25.4 | |
| ≥2 (2 ~7) | 535 | 5.1 | 13.0 | 3.6 | 6.9 | 18.1 | 14.2 | 10.4 | 29.9 | |
| Education | ≥College | 5623 | 51.3 | 26.7 | 41.2 | 21.2 | 8.4*** | 7.7*** | 5.8*** | 17.5*** |
| High school | 5312 | 39.3 | 41.9 | 50.4 | 56.8 | 12.0 | 11.0 | 7.4 | 22.9 | |
| ≤Middle school | 1089 | 9.3 | 31.3 | 8.4 | 22.0 | 20.9 | 17.6 | 10.6 | 34.0 | |
| Income quartile | Q4 (high) | 2855 | 22.9 | 7.4 | 23.2 | 6.2 | 7.9*** | 6.8*** | 6.5 | 17.0*** |
| Q3 (mid-high) | 3091 | 25.5 | 11.2 | 25.6 | 8.1 | 9.4 | 8.0 | 6.5 | 19.6 | |
| Q2 (mid-low) | 3128 | 27.2 | 24.7 | 26.4 | 14.7 | 10.4 | 10.3 | 7.3 | 21.5 | |
| Q1 (low) except recipient of basic living | 2675 | 23.2 | 35.1 | 23.2 | 43.9 | 15.0 | 13.6 | 7.4 | 25.6 | |
| Recipients of basic living (lowest) | 275 | 1.2 | 21.5 | 1.6 | 27.1 | 31.5 | 26.5 | 8.2 | 43.2 | |
| Occupation | Non-manual | 3813 | 43.5 | 21.9 | 20.9 | 18.5 | 8.3*** | 6.5*** | 6.9*** | 16.9*** |
| Service and sales workers | 1885 | 15.3 | 13.3 | 16.0 | 30.0 | 12.7 | 12.6 | 8.5 | 25.7 | |
| Manual | 2682 | 36.3 | 46.6 | 12.3 | 26.4 | 9.7 | 9.7 | 11.5 | 23.9 | |
| Outside the workforce | 3644 | 5.0 | 18.2 | 50.7 | 25.1 | 15.2 | 13.4 | 2.0 | 22.4 | |
| House ownership | No | 3945 | 33.0 | 57.3 | 35.2 | 67.6 | 13.8*** | 12.7*** | 7.2 | 24.6*** |
| Yes | 8079 | 67.0 | 42.7 | 64.8 | 32.4 | 9.8 | 8.7 | 6.8 | 19.8 | |
| Living with other adult | no other adult | 9620 | 80.6 | 50.3 | 79.8 | 66.7 | 10.5*** | 10.0 | 7.0** | 21.0*** |
| one or both parents | 545 | 6.0 | 35.9 | 2.0 | 15.1 | 17.1 | 12.8 | 10.5 | 28.7 | |
| adults other than parent | 1859 | 13.4 | 13.8 | 18.2 | 18.2 | 13.0 | 10.3 | 6.0 | 22.3 |
Chronic diseases including hypertension, dyslipidemia, stroke, myocardial infarction or angina, osteoarthritis or rheumatic arthritis, asthma, diabetes mellitus, thyroid diseases, cancers, chronic renal failure, chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis; living with other adult over 20 years old who participated in the survey.
Differences of the characteristics among 4 groups of partnered and single fathers and mothers were all <0.001; difference among categories of each variable,
*p<0.05,
**p<0.01,
***p<0001.
Suspicious depression: continuous depressive mood for the recent 2 weeks or currently having depression diagnosed by a physician.
Suicidal ideation: the presence of suicidal ideation during the recent year.
Alcohol dependence: AUDIT-K≥20.