Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population in 1986 according to quartiles of waist circumference.+
| Waist Circumference | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | |
|
| ||||
| Range (cm) | ≤68.6 | 68.7-76.2 | 76.3-86.4 | ≥86.5 |
| N | 9171 | 9603 | 13644 | 9289 |
| Age (y)* | 49.8(6.7) | 51.4(6.9) | 53.0(6.8) | 53.6(6.8) |
| Waist circumference (cm)* | 66.1(21.9) | 72.3(1.3) | 79.5(2.7) | 93.7(7.9) |
| Body mass index (kg/m²) | 21.0(1.9) | 22.5(1.9) | 24.7(2.6) | 29.9(4.6) |
| Weight (kg) | 57.7(9.8) | 63.5(10.8) | 69.6(12.5) | 80.4(16.6) |
| Physical activity (METS/wk)a | 19.4(25.3) | 16.3(20.1) | 14.1(19.5) | 11.1(17.7) |
| White race, % | 94.8 | 95.0 | 94.3 | 94.5 |
| Smoking status, % | ||||
| Never, % | 47.3 | 46.5 | 46.7 | 47.2 |
| Past, % | 32.7 | 35.0 | 35.9 | 36.8 |
| Current, % | 19.9 | 18.4 | 17.4 | 15.9 |
| Alcohol (gm) | 6.4(10.0) | 6.7(10.4) | 6.4(10.6) | 4.9(10.0) |
| Dietary Calcium Intake (mg) | 717 (252) | 722 (250) | 720 (247) | 720 (252) |
| Supplemental Calcium Intake (mg/d) | 411 (443) | 390 (436) | 359 (426) | 322 (418) |
| Calcium supplement use, % | 63.3 | 61.3 | 57.8 | 53.4 |
| Daily Vitamin D Intake (IU) | 363 (270) | 351 (252) | 337 (239) | 334 (239) |
| Predicted 25-hydroxyvitamin D (ng/mL)b | 29.3(3.2) | 28.8(3.3) | 27.8(3.3) | 25.2(3.9) |
| Daily Vitamin A Intake IU | 14590 (9278) | 13850 (7922) | 13275 (7500) | 12719 (7269) |
| Dietary Magnesium Intake (mg) | 310 (72) | 305 (69) | 300 (67) | 293 (67) |
| Dietary Protein Intake (gm) | 73 (12) | 74 (12) | 75 (12) | 75 (13) |
| UV-B radiation flux | 124 (25) | 123 (25) | 121 (24) | 120 (23) |
| History of hypertension, % | 12.1 | 14.8 | 21.5 | 35.8 |
| History of diabetes, % | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 5.1 |
| Postmenopausal status, % | 65.0 | 65.8 | 66.0 | 67.4 |
| Postmenopausal hormone use, % | 22.0 | 20.9 | 19.2 | 14.9 |
| Self-reported osteoporosis, % | 3.8 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.4 |
| Self-reported Chronic Kidney Disease, %** | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Self-reported Congestive Heart Failure, %*** | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 2.1 |
| Bisphosphonate use, %*** | 7.4 | 6.0 | 4.5 | 2.6 |
Values are means(SD) or percentages and are standardized to the age distribution of the study population.
Values of polytomous variables may not sum to 100% due to rounding
a
Metabolic equivalents of recreational and leisure time activities.
b
Reference for equation25
*
Value is not age adjusted
**
Assessed in 1990
***
Assessed in 1998
+
The number of participants at baseline in 1986 (41,707) is lower than the total number used in our analysis because only 41,707 participants had data on waist circumference in 1986. More participants became eligible for the analysis when waist circumference became available during follow-up.