Table 3.
Factors associated with change in BMD in the immediate ART group (N=190). Participants who did not start ART within the first year were excluded.
| Factor | N (%) in subgroup | Spine (L1–L4) | Total Hip | Femoral Neck | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
|||||
| Est. Coefficient (95% CI) | P+ | Est. Coefficient (95% CI) | P+ | Est. Coefficient (95% CI) | P+ | ||
| Age (per 10 years) | −0.10 (−0.69, 0.50) | 0.75 | 0.56 (−0.19, 1.31) | 0.14 | 0.88 (−0.08, 1.85) | 0.07 | |
|
| |||||||
| Sex and menopausal status | 0.43 | 0.49 | 0.41 | ||||
| Male | 138 (72.6%) | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
| Pre-menopausal female | 47 (24.7%) | −0.85 (−2.55, 0.84) | 0.32 | 1.12 (−1.05, 3.29) | 0.31 | −0.51 (−3.10, 2.07) | 0.69 |
| Post-menopausal female | 5 (2.6%) | −2.01 (−5.35, 1.34) | 0.24 | −0.36 (−4.65, 3.94) | 0.87 | −3.46 (−8.58, 1.66) | 0.18 |
|
| |||||||
| Race | 0.03 | 0.81 | 0.27 | ||||
| Black | 33 (17.4%) | 0.60 (−0.97, 2.18) | 0.45 | 0.35 (−1.65, 2.34) | 0.73 | 1.80 (−0.65, 4.25) | 0.15 |
| Asian | 58 (30.5%) | −1.31 (−2.47, −0.15) | 0.03 | −0.33 (−1.79, 1.14) | 0.66 | −0.32 (−2.10, 1.45) | 0.72 |
| White/other | 99 (52.1%) | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
|
| |||||||
| Location of enrollment | |||||||
| Low or medium income (vs high income) | 153 (80.5%) | 0.84 (−0.43, 2.11) | 0.19 | 0.22 (−1.38, 1.82) | 0.78 | 0.32 (−1.62, 2.27) | 0.74 |
|
| |||||||
| Season of enrollment | |||||||
| Summer/Autumn (vs Spring/Winter) | 92 (48.4%) | 0.21 (−0.66, 1.07) | 0.59 | −0.04 (−1.12, 1.04) | 0.94 | 0.06 (−1.25, 1.37) | 0.93 |
|
| |||||||
| Current smoker | 33 (17.4%) | −0.22 (−1.36, 0.92) | 0.70 | −1.38 (−2.82, 0.07) | 0.06 | −0.82 (−2.58, 0.94) | 0.36 |
|
| |||||||
| Recreational drug use | 21 (11.1%) | −0.68 (−2.09, 0.72) | 0.34 | 2.18 (0.39, 3.97) | 0.02 | 0.62 (−1.54, 2.79) | 0.57 |
|
| |||||||
| BMI (per kg/m2) | −0.02 (−0.13, 0.09) | 0.70 | 0.01 (−0.13, 0.15) | 0.89 | 0.04 (−0.13, 0.21) | 0.62 | |
|
| |||||||
| eGFR (per 1 mL/min/1.73m2) | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.06) | 0.21 | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.06) | 0.47 | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.07) | 0.46 | |
|
| |||||||
| Mode of HIV infection | 0.83 | 0.25 | 0.22 | ||||
| Opposite sex contact | 57 (30.0%) | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
| Same sex contact | 118 (62.1%) | −0.04 (−1.66, 1.59) | 0.96 | 1.48 (−0.56, 3.53) | 0.15 | 0.98 (−1.48, 3.45) | 0.43 |
| Other | 15 (7.9%) | 0.54 (−1.36, 2.44) | 0.57 | −0.40 (−2.79, 1.99) | 0.74 | −1.79 (−4.70, 1.12) | 0.23 |
|
| |||||||
| Time since HIV diagnosis (per year) | 0.07 (−0.10, 0.25) | 0.39 | −0.19 (−0.41, 0.02) | 0.08 | −0.15 (−0.41, 0.11) | 0.27 | |
|
| |||||||
| CD4 count (per 100 cells/μL) | 0.07 (−0.22, 0.36) | 0.62 | 0.22 (−0.15, 0.58) | 0.25 | 0.12 (−0.32, 0.57) | 0.58 | |
|
| |||||||
| CD8 count (per 100 cells/μL) | −0.06 (−0.15, 0.03) | 0.18 | 0.03 (−0.08, 0.14) | 0.61 | −0.03 (−0.16, 0.10) | 0.64 | |
|
| |||||||
| HIV viral load (per log10) | 0.14 (−0.39, 0.68) | 0.60 | −0.57 (−1.25, 0.11) | 0.10 | −0.25 (−1.07, 0.57) | 0.55 | |
|
| |||||||
| Calcium or vitamin D use | 9 (4.7%) | −0.03 (−2.07, 2.01) | 0.98 | −0.44 (−3.03, 2.15) | 0.74 | −1.83 (−4.97, 1.30) | 0.25 |
|
| |||||||
| Baseline BMD | 1.52 (−1.98, 5.01) | 0.39 | 0.83 (−3.94, 5.60) | 0.73 | −4.92 (−10.8, 0.91) | 0.10 | |
+
P-value for association of the factor with percent change in BMD, estimated in longitudinal mixed models, adjusted for all factors listed and visit.
eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.