Table 5.
Factors associated with change in BMD in the deferred ART group, with follow-up censored at ART initiation (N=175).
| Factor | N (%) | Spine (L1–L4) | Total Hip | Femoral Neck | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
|||||
| Est. (95% CI) | P+ | Est. (95% CI) | P+ | Est. (95% CI) | P+ | ||
| Age (per 10 years) | −0.53 (−1.11, 0.04) | 0.07 | 0.24 (−0.32, 0.80) | 0.39 | 0.39 (−0.40, 1.19) | 0.33 | |
|
| |||||||
| Sex and menopausal status | 0.41 | 0.29 | 0.39 | ||||
| Male | 127 (72.6%) | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
| Pre-menopausal female | 40 (22.9%) | −0.94 (−2.36, 0.48) | 0.19 | 0.64 (−0.75, 2.04) | 0.36 | −0.12 (−2.07, 1.84) | 0.91 |
| Post-menopausal female | 8 (4.6%) | −0.88 (−3.19, 1.43) | 0.45 | −0.89 (−3.05, 1.27) | 0.42 | −2.05 (−5.16, 1.06) | 0.19 |
|
| |||||||
| Race | 0.56 | 0.44 | 0.76 | ||||
| Black | 34 (19.4%) | 0.58 (−0.65, 1.80) | 0.35 | −0.53 (−1.71, 0.65) | 0.38 | 0.66 (−1.09, 2.41) | 0.46 |
| Asian | 59 (33.7%) | −0.07 (−1.17, 1.03) | 0.90 | 0.27 (−0.77, 1.31) | 0.61 | 0.26 (−1.22, 1.75) | 0.73 |
| White/other | 82 (46.9%) | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
|
| |||||||
| Location of enrollment | |||||||
| Low or medium income (vs high income) | 139 (79.4%) | 0.13 (−1.07, 1.32) | 0.83 | 0.02 (−1.12, 1.16) | 0.98 | −0.07 (−1.67, 1.53) | 0.93 |
|
| |||||||
| Season of enrollment | |||||||
| Summer/autumn (vs Spring/Winter) | 80 (45.7%) | −0.04 (−0.86, 0.77) | 0.91 | −0.01 (−0.78, 0.76) | 0.98 | −0.20 (−1.30, 0.90) | 0.72 |
|
| |||||||
| Current smoker | 39 (22.3%) | 0.19 (−0.85, 1.23) | 0.72 | −0.63 (−1.62, 0.36) | 0.21 | −0.63 (−2.03, 0.78) | 0.38 |
|
| |||||||
| Recreational drug use | 20 (11.4%) | 0.04 (−1.24, 1.32) | 0.95 | 0.63 (−0.58, 1.83) | 0.31 | −0.44 (−2.16, 1.28) | 0.61 |
|
| |||||||
| BMI (per kg/m2) | −0.01 (−0.12, 0.10) | 0.87 | 0.05 (−0.06, 0.16) | 0.36 | 0.15 (0.00, 0.30) | 0.04 | |
|
| |||||||
| eGFR (per 1 mL/min/1.73m2) | 0.00 (−0.02, 0.03) | 0.84 | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.03) | 0.45 | −0.00 (−0.04, 0.03) | 0.80 | |
|
| |||||||
| Mode of HIV infection | 0.39 | 0.21 | 0.70 | ||||
| Opposite sex contact | 66 (37.7%) | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- | Ref. | -- |
| Same sex contact | 98 (56.0%) | −0.47 (−1.83, 0.89) | 0.50 | 0.76 (−0.57, 2.08) | 0.26 | 0.58 (−1.28, 2.44) | 0.54 |
| Other | 11 (6.3%) | −1.26 (−3.11, 0.58) | 0.18 | 1.50 (−0.26, 3.25) | 0.09 | −0.42 (−2.91, 2.07) | 0.74 |
|
| |||||||
| Time since HIV diagnosis (per year) | 0.07 (−0.05, 0.19) | 0.25 | 0.06 (−0.05, 0.18) | 0.29 | −0.09 (−0.26, 0.07) | 0.25 | |
|
| |||||||
| CD4 count (per 100 cells/μL) | 0.34 (0.04, 0.64) | 0.03 | 0.19 (−0.09, 0.48) | 0.18 | 0.39 (−0.01, 0.80) | 0.06 | |
|
| |||||||
| CD8 count (per 100 cells/μL) | −0.08 (−0.16, 0.01) | 0.09 | −0.03 (−0.12, 0.05) | 0.42 | −0.05 (−0.17, 0.07) | 0.41 | |
|
| |||||||
| HIV viral load (per log10) | −0.22 (−0.74, 0.30) | 0.40 | −0.09 (−0.59, 0.40) | 0.71 | 0.25 (−0.44, 0.95) | 0.47 | |
|
| |||||||
| Calcium or vitamin D use | 13 (7.4%) | −0.20 (−1.84, 1.44) | 0.81 | −1.00 (−2.53, 0.53) | 0.20 | −2.62 (−4.80, −0.44) | 0.02 |
|
| |||||||
| Baseline BMD | 1.33 (−2.18, 4.84) | 0.45 | 2.03 (−1.66, 5.72) | 0.28 | −6.57 (−11.6, −1.53) | 0.01 | |
+
P-value for association of the factor with percent change in BMD, estimated in longitudinal mixed models, adjusted for all factors listed and visit.
eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate,