Table 3.
Fixed effects of multi-community and community-specific bivariates models for P. vivax parasitaemia.
| Multi-community model | Community-specific models | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gamitanacocha | Libertad | Primero de Enero | Urco Miraño | ||||||||||||
| PR | 95% CI | p-value | PR | 95% CI | p-value | PR | 95% CI | p-value | PR | 95% CI | p-value | PR | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Null model | |||||||||||||||
| Constant | 0.18 | (0.16–0.20) | <0.001 | 0.12 | (0.08–0.17) | <0.001 | 0.2 | (0.17–0.24) | <0.001 | 0.14 | (0.10–0.19) | <0.001 | 0.18 | (0.15–0.21) | <0.001 |
| Time-dependent level covariates | |||||||||||||||
| Travel history (Ref = No) | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.06 | (0.76–1.49) | 0.714 | 0.85 | (0.26–2.83) | 0.796 | 0.71 | (0.37–1.35) | 0.3 | 2.04 | (0.99–4.20) | 0.052* | 1.28 | (0.74–2.19) | 0.374 |
| Fever symptom (Ref = No) | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.68 | (1.09–2.59) | 0.018** | 1.06 | (0.25–4.45) | 0.942 | 1.33 | (0.62–2.85) | 0.455 | — | — | — | 2.57 | (1.46–4.53) | 0.001** |
| Individual level covariates | |||||||||||||||
| Gender (Ref = Female) | |||||||||||||||
| Male | 0.99 | (0.81–1.21) | 0.937 | 1.26 | (0.58–2.66) | 0.572 | 0.89 | (0.65–1.22) | 0.471 | 1.35 | (0.70–2.58) | 0.365 | 0.95 | (0.70–1.29) | 0.753 |
| Age groups (Ref = <15 years) | |||||||||||||||
| 15–39.9 | 1.18 | (0.94–1.49) | 0.148* | 2.11 | (0.91–4.89) | 0.082* | 1.01 | (0.70–1.45) | 0.942 | 1.33 | (0.65–2.75) | 0.432 | 1.19 | (0.83–1.70) | 0.355 |
| ≥ 40 | 0.97 | (0.74–1.26) | 0.838 | 1.06 | (0.33–3.40) | 0.927 | 0.7 | (0.45–1.07) | 0.1 | 1.66 | (0.72–3.86) | 0.235 | 1.1 | (0.74–1.62) | 0.63 |
| Education level (Ref = None) | |||||||||||||||
| Primary school | 1.3 | (1.02–1.65) | 0.030** | 2.89 | (0.99–8.042 | 0.052* | 1.14 | (0.80–1.63) | 0.465 | 1.54 | (0.67–3.59) | 0.308 | 1.33 | (0.91–1.94) | 0.140* |
| Secondary school or higher | 1.28 | (0.94–1.73) | 0.116* | 1.17 | (0.21–6.37) | 0.859 | 1.21 | (0.67–2.16) | 0.527 | 2.68 | (0.94–7.63) | 0.065* | 1.24 | (0.81–1.89) | 0.315 |
| Occupation (Ref = Not a Logger, fisher and farmer) | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.16 | (0.95–1.42) | 0.154* | 1.69 | (0.77–3.70) | 0.195* | 0.89 | (0.64–1.22) | 0.47 | 1.73 | (0.92–3.28) | 0.090* | 1.28 | (0.94–1.76) | 0.120* |
| Household level covariates | |||||||||||||||
| High-risk cluster (Ref = No) | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.1 | (0.88–1.34) | 0.412 | 1.97 | (0.68–5.70) | 0.21 | — | — | — | 2.09 | (1.09–4.00) | 0.027** | 1.24 | (0.90–1.71) | 0.192* |
| Household structure (Ref = Open) | |||||||||||||||
| At least one closed room | 0.93 | (0.76–1.15) | 0.527 | 1.16 | (0.52–2.60) | 0.719 | 0.8 | (0.58–1.10) | 0.182* | 0.83 | (0.43–1.59) | 0.585 | 0.99 | (0.71–1.39) | 0.952 |
| Wall material (Ref = Cement or wood) | |||||||||||||||
| Palm, leaf, straw, corrugated plastic | 1.06 | (0.83–1.35) | 0.651 | 2.08 | (0.93–4.62) | 0.073* | 0.9 | (0.57–1.41) | 0.644 | 0.82 | (0.36–1.87) | 0.638 | 1.13 | (0.79–1.61) | 0.519 |
| Roof material (Ref = Corrugated plastic) | |||||||||||||||
| Palm, leaf, straw | 1.1 | (0.86–1.41) | 0.438 | 0.56 | (0.26–1.22) | 0.147* | 1.14 | (0.50–2.58) | 0.752 | — | — | — | 1.21 | (0.88–1.67) | 0.24 |
| Household sprayed (Ref = Yes) | |||||||||||||||
| No | 0.91 | (0.58–1.44) | 0.71 | 1.89 | (0.76–4.69) | 0.172* | 0.83 | (0.45–1.54) | 0.562 | 0.54 | (0.13–2.25) | 0.399 | 1.84 | (0.25–13.47) | 0.548 |
| Electricity supply (Ref = No) | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.96 | (0.79–1.18) | 0.764 | 0.63 | (0.25–1.56) | 0.319 | 1.13 | (0.80–1.60) | 0.488 | 0.77 | (0.38–1.55) | 0.467 | 0.88 | (0.59–1.31) | 0.543 |
| Livestock (Ref = Yes) | |||||||||||||||
| No | 1.1 | (0.88–1.36) | 0.4 | 0.95 | (0.38–2.36) | 0.907 | 0.99 | (0.71–1.37) | 0.932 | 0.92 | (0.49–1.74) | 0.803 | 1.35 | (0.95–1.91) | 0.094* |
Mixed-effect Poisson Models; PR = Prevalence Ratio; Wald test p-value; *p-value < 0.2; **p-value < 0.05.