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. 2017 Aug 14;7:8107. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-08558-x

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Biofilm-removal efficiency of a mixture consisting of betaine and erythritol. S. mutans biofilms were exposed to 5.6 mM betaine, 2.8 mM erythritol and a mixture thereof, respectively. (b) Effect of the molar ratio between betaine and erythritol on biofilm removal. Weight fractions of the mixtures of betaine and erythritol were 0.1% in all samples. (c) Effect of hydrogen bond donor (HBD) combined with betaine on biofilm-removal efficiency. Betaine was combined with glycerol, erythritol, xylitol, and sorbitol at molar ratios of 3:2, 2:1, 5:2, and 3:1, respectively. In all figures, each value and error bar indicates mean and standard deviation (SD), respectively (n = 3–6).