Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of all habitually barefoot and habitually shod children included in the analysis.
| Number of participants | Sex | Age [years] | Height [cm] | Weight [kg] | BMI [kg] | PAQ-Score | Foot length [cm] | Foot width [cm] | Static arch height index | Pliability Ratio | Hallux angle [°] | Dynamic arch index | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % female | mean (SD) | mean (SD) | mean (SD) | mean (SD) | mean (SD) | mean (SD) | mean (SD) | mean (SD) | mean (SD) | mean (SD) | mean (SD) | ||
| 6 to <10 years | ||||||||||||||
| Habitually shod | 101 | 53.3 | 8.34 (1.29) | 134.70 (9.27) | 32.41 (8.67) | 17.61 (2.97) | 3.20 (0.68) | Sitting | 20.23 (1.46) | 7.80 (0.53) | 0.26 (0.02) | 1.06 (0.03) | −0.84 (5.90) | 0.15 (0.07) |
| Standing | 20.62 (1.45) | 8.08 (0.51) | 0.24 (0.02) | |||||||||||
| Habitually barefoot | 123 | 49.2 | 8.13 (1.24) | 134.48 (8.73) | 30.45 (7.11) | 16.65 (2.40) | 2.87 (0.65) | Sitting | 20.57 (1.37) | 8.00 (0.49) | 0.29 (0.02) | 1.05 (0.03) | 0.69 (5.52) | 0.17 (0.08) |
| Standing | 20.90 (1.38) | 8.23 (0.49) | 0.27 (0.02) | |||||||||||
| 10 to <14 years | ||||||||||||||
| Habitually shod | 155 | 45.0 | 12.40 (1.04) | 159.18 (10.16) | 49.59 (11.81) | 19.42 (3.40) | 2.78 (0.70) | Sitting | 23.42 (1.57) | 8.84 (0.59) | 0.26 (0.02) | 1.05 (0.03) | 1.46 (5.55) | 0.19 (0.07) |
| Standing | 23.84 (1.56) | 9.11 (0.60) | 0.23 (0.02) | |||||||||||
| Habitually barefoot | 154 | 45.7 | 12.41 (1.01) | 159.07 (10.11) | 52.55 (13.26) | 20.55 (3.70) | 3.09 (0.63) | Sitting | 23.29 (1.58) | 8.85 (0.68) | 0.28 (0.02) 0.26 (0.02) | 1.05 (0.02) | 3.32 (5.86) | 0.17 (0.07) |
| Standing | 23.72 (1.59) | 9.08 (0.68) | ||||||||||||
| 14 to 18 years | ||||||||||||||
| Habitually shod | 169 | 58.20 | 16.16 (1.09) | 171.30 (9.41) | 63.67 (14.57) | 21.60 (3.98) | 2.61 (0.60) | Sitting | 24.60 (1.62) | 9.30 (0.69) | 0.25 (0.02) | 1.04 (0.02) | 2.90 (6.14) | 0.18 (0.07) |
| Standing | 24.94 (1.65) | 9.55 (0.71) | 0.23 0.02 | |||||||||||
| Habitually barefoot | 108 | 48.30 | 16.06 (0.98) | 171.65 (9.67) | 67.17 (14.13) | 22.68 (3.80) | 2.83 (0.60) | Sitting | 25.37 (1.95) | 9.44 (0.71) | 0.28 (0.02) | 1.04 (0.02) | 4.30 (5.58) | 0.20 (0.07) |
| Standing | 25.76 (1.94) | 9.63 (0.71) | 0.26 (0.02) | |||||||||||
| Total (6–18 years) | ||||||||||||||
| Habitually shod | 425 | 50.1 | 12.40 (3.36) | 155.99 (17.53) | 48.68 (17.59) | 19.33 (3.88) | 2.75 (0.66) | Sitting | 23.13 (2.32) | 8.78 (0.85) | 0.26 (0.02) | 1.05 (0.03) | 1.48 (6.04) | 0.18 (0.07) |
| Standing | 23.51 (2.31) | 9.04 (0.85) | 0.23 (0.02) | |||||||||||
| Habitually barefoot | 385 | 49.9 | 11.53 (3.24) | 151.77 (18.09) | 47.47 (18.24) | 19.80 (3.99) | 3.06 (0.66) | Sitting | 23.07 (2.48) | 8.77 (0.85) | 0.28 (0.02) | 1.04 (0.02) | 2.76 (5.86) | 0.18 (0.07) |
| Standing | 23.46 (2.50) | 8.98 (0.84) | 0.26 (0.02) | |||||||||||