Table 2.

Pairwise comparisons of habitually barefoot/shod children by age in stages of development.

Estimated marginal difference of habitually barefoot vs. habitually shod		Foot length [cm]	Foot width [cm]	Static arch height index	Pliability Ratio	Dynamic arch index	Hallux angle [°]
6 to <10 years	Difference	−0.58	−0.20	−0.03	0.01	−0.00	−1.43
	(95%-CI)	(−0.99,−0.16)	(−0.35,−0.05)	(−0.03,−0.02)	(0.01,0.02)	(−0.02,0.02)	(−2.86,0.01)
	p	0.006	0.010	<0.001	<0.001	0.822	0.052
10 to <14 years	Difference	−0.04	−0.00	−0.02	0.01	0.03	−1.22
	(95%-CI)	(−0.38,0.29)	(−0.12,0.12)	(−0.03,−0.02)	(0.00,0.01)	(0.02,0.04)	(−2.37,−0.06)
	p	0.802	0.978	<0.001	0.025	<0.001	0.039
14 to 18 years	Difference	−0.63	0.00	−0.02	0.01	0.00	−1.16
	(95%-CI)	(−0.97,−0.28)	(−0.13,0.13)	(−0.03,−0.02)	(0.00,0.01)	(−0.01,0.02)	(−2.36,0.04)
	p	<0.001	0.981	<0.001	0.014	0.696	0.059
Main hypotheses α(adj)  =  0.008	pinteraction	0.028	0.081	0.310	0.329	0.004	0.959
Hierarchical hypotheses α  =  0.05	pbarefoot vs. shod §	(0.001)	0.204	<0.001	<0.001	(0.010)	0.001

§In parentheses p-value of group-effect modeled without significant interaction.