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. 2017 Aug 14;7:8115. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-08620-8

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Energy consumption for inactivation of E. coli in two flow through chambers. Inactivation is expressed as a log₁₀ inactivation per energy density given by energy per unit volume. (a) Bacterial cells were exposed to 8 or (b) 20 rectangular electric pulses. The duration was 100 µs, repetition frequency 10 Hz and electric pulse amplitude 15 kV/cm in MSFT and linear flow through chambers. Cell concentration of the treated sample was 10⁷ CFU/ml number of independent experiments n = 4.