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. 2017 Aug 14;7:8004. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-08336-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Gene expression analysis of 12 immunity-related genes, assessed by means of RT-qPCR, after 20 h stimulation of PBMCs with S. aureus strain ATCC 6538 or S. aureus phage ISP. Comparison of the immune response of the PBMCs, expressed as log2 fold change, after normalization with reference gene ACTB, as induced by the phage lysate, highly purified phage (undiluted and diluted hundredfold) or its bacterial host (i.e. S. aureus strain ATCC 6538). The immune response induced by the highly purified phage preparation is stronger than the one induced by the phage lysate. Diluting of the highly purified phage led to an almost complete reduction of the observed immune response, with the exception of CXCL5 and IL1B. A strong difference is present between the immune response induced by the phage compared to its bacterial host (i.e. S. aureus strain 6538).