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. 2017 Aug 14;7:8004. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-08336-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Gene expression analysis of 12 immunity-related genes, assessed by means of RT-qPCR, after 20 h of stimulation of PBMCs with S. aureus phage ISP in combination with endotoxins (i.e. 0.1, 10⁻³ or 10⁻⁷ EU/ml). (A,B,C) 10³ pfu/PBMC in combination with (A) 0.1 EU/PBMC, (B) 10⁻³ EU/PBMC or (C) 10⁻⁷ EU/PBMC leads to an immune response more similar to the one induced by the phage alone. (D,E,F) Reducing the phage titer to 10 pfu/PBMC causes the immune response to tilt in the direction of the endotoxin induced immune response instead of the phage induced immune response.