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. 2017 Aug 14;7:8004. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-08336-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Principal component analysis (PCA). Comparison of the immune response of PBMCs induced by all five tested phages (Highly purified or phage lysate; magenta) and their bacterial host strain (blue). The PCA clearly shows that the bacteria (blue) and phages (magenta) for two separate groups, indicating that the immune response induced is different between these two types of stimuli. There is no clear distinction between the different phages, indicating that these five different phages induced similar responses. Moreover the gene expression of IL1RN, IL1B and SOCS3, IL6 and IL1A, TNFA and IL10, and LYZ and TGFBI are correlated.