Table 1.
Primary outcome measures for paired comparisons and p values (α = 0.05) for comparison of means (n = 8)
| Phase | Parameter | Mean ± SD | MD (95% CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SES | SDSS | ||||
| Initial | P mean (W) | 14.6 ± 6.1 | 14.9 ± 4.6 | −0.3 (−4.0, 3.4) | 0.85 |
| P mean,s (W) | 15.8 ± 4.4 | 23.7 ± 4.5 | −7.9 (−11.3, −4.4) | 0.0010 | |
| P peak (W) | 31.2 ± 12.6 | 31.7 ± 9.6 | −0.5 (−7.9, 6.9) | 0.88 | |
| P peak,s (W) | 33.8 ± 9.4 | 50.4 ± 10.3 | −16.6 (−24.0, −9.2) | 0.0011 | |
| t peak80 (ms) | 359.4 ± 54.7 | 348.9 ± 32.4 | 10.6 (−29.7, 50.8) | 0.55 | |
| Final | P mean (W) | 7.4 ± 4.3 | 9.9 ± 4.0 | −2.4 (−5.6, −0.2) | 0.035 |
| P mean,s (W) | 8.1 ± 3.3 | 15.4 ± 3.4 | −7.3 (−9.1, −5.5) | <0.0001 | |
| P peak (W) | 16.0 ± 8.0 | 21.4 ± 8.4 | −5.4 (−9.6, −1.1) | 0.021 | |
| P peak,s (W) | 17.6 ± 6.0 | 33.5 ± 7.6 | −16.0 (−20.6, −11.3) | <0.0001 | |
| t peak80 (ms) | 364.1 ± 58.6 | 363.8 ± 19.7 | 0.3 (−42.1, 42.7) | 0.25 | |
| Overall | P mean (W) | 9.2 ± 4.5 | 11.5 ± 4.0 | −2.3 (−4.5, −0.2) | 0.037 |
| P mean,s (W) | 10.0 ± 3.4 | 18.0 ± 3.1 | −8.1 (−9.8, −6.4) | <0.0001 | |
| P peak (W) | 19.4 ± 8.7 | 24.6 ± 8.5 | −5.2 (−9.2, −1.3) | 0.017 | |
| P peak,s (W) | 21.2 ± 6.4 | 38.8 ± 6.9 | −17.6 (−21.4, −13.8) | <0.0001 | |
| t peak80 (ms) | 359.5 ± 43.7 | 359.2 ± 16.1 | 0.3 (−38.6, 39.3) | 0.55 | |
| Fatigue index | 0.51 ± 0.10 | 0.67 ± 0.13 | −0.16 (−0.29, −0.03) | 0.024 | |
| Pulse width (µs) | 90.0 ± 17.7 | 62.5 ± 13.8 | −27.5 (−34.7, −20.4) | <0.0001 | |
All p values were calculated with a paired t test, except fatigue index where a Wilcoxon test for non-normally distributed data was applied
SES single electrode stimulation, SDSS spatially distributed sequential stimulation, MD mean difference, SD standard deviation, CI confidence interval