Table 2. Prospective observational studies on predictive value of central blood pressure parameters for cardiovascular events.
| First Author | Subjects | N | Male (%) | Age (years)* | Brachial BP (mmHg)† | Follow-up (years)* | Recording/Estimation | Endpoint | Event rate‡ | Central BP parameter | Adjusted RR | Lower 95%CI | Upper 95%CI | Central vs. brachial |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| London88) | ESRD | 180 | 60 | 54 | 156/83 | 4.3 | Carotid | All-cause mortality CV mortality |
89.7 51.3 |
AIx (/10%) AIx (/10%) |
1.51 1.48 |
1.23 1.16 |
1.86 1.90 |
Sup, Ind Ind |
| Safar89) | ESRD | 180 | 59 | 54 | 156/83 | 4.3 | Carotid | All-cause mortality | 89.7 | PP (/25 mmHg) AMP (/16%) |
1.40 0.50 |
1.10 0.30 |
1.80 0.80 |
Sup Sup |
| Covic90) | ESRD | 92 | 54 | 43 | 129/84 | 5.1 | Radial | All-cause mortality | 32.1 | AIx (> 24.6 vs. < 12.0%) | 0.64 | 0.13 | 3.15 | n/a |
| Briet91) | CKD | 180 | 74 | 60 | 134/74 | 3.1 | Carotid | Hemodialysis | 73.5 | PP (/10 mmHg) | 1.24 | 1.03 | 1.49 | n/a |
| Verbeke92) | Renal Tx | 512 | 59 | 53 | 135/80 | 5.0 | Radial | CV events | 37.1 | AugP (/8.6 mmHg) | 1.49 | 1.22 | 1.81 | Ind |
| Ueda93) | CAD | 103 | 78 | 63 | (139/72) | 0.5 | Intraaortic | Coronary restenosis | 699.0 | AIx (/10%) Tr (/-10 ms) |
1.70 1.34 |
1.16 1.10 |
2.48 1.63 |
n/a n/a |
| Weber94) | CAD | 262 | 71 | 66 | 132/78 | 2.0 | Radial | CV events | 116.0 | AIx@Hr75 (/1%) | 1.04 | 1.01 | 1.07 | Sup |
| Chirinos95) | CAD | 297 | 100 | 64 | 136/70 | 3.2 | Intraaortic | CV events | 132.3 | AugP (/10 mmHg) AIx (/10%) |
1.19 1.28 |
1.06 1.09 |
1.34 1.50 |
Sup Sup |
| Jankowski96) | CAD | 1109 | 74 | 58 | (135/72) | 4.4 | Intraaortic | CV events | 50.5 | PP (/18.2 mmHg) | 1.28 | 1.10 | 1.49 | Sup |
| Weber97) | CAD | 520 | 100 | 64 | 133/80 | 4.1 | Radial | CV events | 80.1 | AIx (/10%) AIx@Hr75 (/10%) |
1.15 1.25 |
1.01 1.06 |
1.32 1.47 |
Ind Ind |
| Roman98) | General | 2403 | 35 | 63 | 132/75 | 4.8 | Radial | CV events | 27.7 | PP (/10 mmHg) | 1.15 | 1.07 | 1.24 | Sup |
| Roman99) | General | 2405 | 35 | 63 | 132/75 | 5.6 | Radial | CV events | 25.5 | PP (≥ 50 vs. ≤ 31 mmHg) | 1.69 | 1.20 | 2.39 | Sup |
| Pini100) | General | 398 | 45 | 73 | 145/84 | 8.0 | Carotid | CV events | 38.3 | PP (/10 mmHg) | 1.23 | 1.10 | 1.37 | Sup |
| Leone101) | General | 3337 | 39 | 73 | 145/82 | 3.6 | Nomogram | Coronary events | 10.6 | PP (/14.6 mmHg) | 1.39 | 1.17 | 1.60 | n/a |
| Benetos102) | General | 125151 | 58 | 40 | 132/81 | 12.1 | Nomogram | All-cause mortality CV mortality |
2.6 0.5 |
PP (/7.8 mmHg) PP (/7.8 mmHg) |
1.18 1.21 |
1.12 1.15 |
1.25 1.28 |
Sup Sup |
| Wang103) | General | 1272 | 53 | 52 | 139/88 | 10.8 | Carotid | CV mortality | 2.7 | PP (/10 mmHg) | 1.26 | 1.02 | 1.56 | Sup |
| Wang104) | General | 1272 | 53 | 52 | 139/88 | 15.0 | Carotid | CV mortality | 3.3 | Pb (/6 mmHg) | 1.59 | 1.21 | 2.09 | Sup, Ind |
| Huang105) | General | 1014 | 54 | 52 | 139/89 | 15.0 | Carotid | All-cause mortality | 13.2 | PP (/1 mmHg) | 1.16 | 1.01 | 1.32 | Sup |
| Mitchell106) | General | 2232 | 42 | 63 | 127/74 | 7.8 | Carotid | CV events | 8.7 | PP (/1 mmHg) AIx (/1%) |
1.00 0.91 |
0.99 0.77 |
1.01 1.07 |
n/a n/a |
AIx: augmentation index; AIx@Hr75: AIx adjusted for heart rate of 75 bpm; AMP: pulse amplification; AugP: augmented pressure; BP: blood pressure; CAD: coronary artery disease (or suspect); CI: confidence interval; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CV: cardiovascular; ESRD: end-stage renal disease; Ind: predictive independency of central BP parameters from brachial BP; n/a: data not available; Pb: reflected wave amplitude; PP: pulse pressure; RR: relative risk; Sup: predictive superiority of central BP parameters over brachial BP; Tr: travel time; Tx: transplantation.
*
Mean or median.
†
Except for aortic BP in parentheses.
‡
Per 1000 person-year (by estimate). Reproduced from Hashimoto et al.107).