Table 1.

The functions of YB-1 in different Cancers

S.No.	Hallmarks of Cancer	Regulated gene/Pathways
1	Uncontrolled Proliferation Signalling	Regulates E2F pathways Regulates PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway Regulates Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway Regulates MAPK pathway
2	Evading Growth Suppressors and cell cycle checkpoints	Inhibits RB (gatekeeper protein) pathway Inhibits p53 (tumour suppressor protein) pathway
3	Resisting cell death	Inhibits BAX and CASP7-mediated apoptosis Inhibit Fas-mediated apoptosis pathway Proliferation of E2F target genes
4	Enabling replicative immortality	Activation of telomere maintenance mechanism Loss of RB checkpoints Loss of p53 function
5	Inducing angiogenesis	Activate pro-angiogenic genes such as VEGF-A, FDGF-B, IL-8, CXCL-2
6	Activating invasion and metastasis	Regulates SNAI1, LEF1 and TWIST1 to repress CDH1 gene (E-cadherin) Regulate TGF-β, Wnt pathway proteins and Notch 3 receptor
7	Deregulating energy metabolism	Regulating PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Myc, PKM2, RB/E2F1 and p53 pathway
8	Evading immune dystruction	Regulation of gene encoding MHC Class II and Fas Regulation of TGF-β pathway
9	Tumour promoting inflammation	Regulates expression of mTOR, STAT3, MMP-2, CD44, CCL5 AND CCL2