Table 1.
Demographic, Current Psychiatric, and Behavioral Status for Total Sample and by TBI Status
| Variable | Total (N = 255a) | mTBI (n = 99) | No mTBI (n = 156) | χ2 or t | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
|||||
| n or M | % or SD | n or M | % or SD | n or M | % or SD | ||
| Age | 32.24 | 8.48 | 31.17 | 7.41 | 32.91 | 9.05 | 1.67 |
| Males | 227 | 89.0 | 92 | 92.9 | 135 | 86.5 | 2.53 |
| Education (years) | 13.87 | 1.90 | 13.67 | 1.82 | 13.99 | 1.94 | 1.28 |
| Race | |||||||
| White | 178 | 69.8 | 71 | 71.7 | 107 | 68.6 | 3.91 |
| Black | 25 | 9.8 | 10 | 10.1 | 15 | 9.6 | |
| Hispanic | 41 | 16.1 | 16 | 16.2 | 25 | 16.0 | |
| Other | 7 | 2.7 | 2 | 2.0 | 5 | 3.2 | |
| Unknown/missing | 4 | 1.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 2.6 | |
| Service Branch | |||||||
| Army | 67 | 26.4 | 34 | 34.7 | 33 | 21.2 | 8.95 |
| Navy | 7 | 2.8 | 3 | 3.1 | 4 | 2.6 | |
| Marines | 35 | 13.8 | 16 | 16.3 | 19 | 12.2 | |
| Air Force | 13 | 5.1 | 4 | 4.1 | 9 | 5.8 | |
| National Guard | 101 | 39.8 | 33 | 33.7 | 68 | 43.6 | |
| Reserves | 31 | 12.2 | 8 | 8.2 | 23 | 14.7 | |
| Deployments | |||||||
| Number | 1.40 | 0.70 | 1.47 | 0.84 | 1.35 | 0.60 | −1.26 |
| Months | 14.32 | 8.54 | 15.44 | 9.73 | 13.61 | 7.63 | −1.59 |
| Months since last | 34.56 | 28.40 | 37.02 | 28.90 | 33.49 | 28.09 | −0.97 |
| Combat exposure | 15.85 | 11.84 | 21.77 | 11.9 | 12.25 | 10.27 | −6.60*** |
| n of military mTBIs | 0.65 | 1.32 | 0 | 0 | 1.69 | 1.66 | |
| PTSD | 146 | 57.3 | 76 | 76.7 | 70 | 44.9 | 25.18*** |
| Depressive disorders | 74 | 29.0 | 41 | 41.4 | 33 | 21.2 | 12.07*** |
| Major | 70 | 27.5 | 38 | 38.4 | 32 | 20.5 | 9.71** |
| Other | 4 | 1.6 | 3 | 3.0 | 1 | 0.6 | 2.24 |
| Anxiety disorders | 50 | 19.6 | 15 | 15.2 | 35 | 22.4 | 2.04 |
| Panicr | 17 | 6.7 | 8 | 8.1 | 9 | 5.8 | 0.52 |
| Social phobia | 16 | 6.3 | 3 | 3.0 | 13 | 8.3 | 2.90 |
| GAD | 16 | 6.3 | 3 | 3.0 | 13 | 8.3 | 2.90 |
| Other | 15 | 5.9 | 6 | 6.1 | 9 | 5.8 | 0.01 |
| Substance use disordersb | 39 | 15.3 | 19 | 19.2 | 20 | 12.8 | 1.90 |
| Alcohol | 37 | 14.5 | 18 | 18.2 | 19 | 12.2 | 1.76 |
| Other | 7 | 2.8 | 2 | 2.0 | 5 | 3.2 | 0.32 |
| Current pain | 161 | 67.91 | 71 | 79.8 | 90 | 60.8 | 9.18** |
| 30-day average pain | 29.31 | 25.28 | 35.95 | 26.68 | 25.40 | 23.65 | −3.13** |
| Sleep disturbance | 182 | 74.3 | 78 | 83.9 | 104 | 68.4 | 7.21** |
| Sleep quality | 9.36 | 4.75 | 10.82 | 4.90 | 8.47 | 4.43 | −3.87*** |
| n Psych/behav conditions | 2.56 | 1.49 | 3.03 | 1.35 | 2.26 | 1.50 | −4.17*** |
| 3+ comorbidities | 130 | 51.0 | 67 | 67.7 | 63 | 40.4 | 18.05*** |
Note. The percentages displayed in this table are column percentages. TBI = traumatic brain injury; mTBI = mild traumatic brain injury; GAD = generalized anxiety disorder; Psych/behav = psychiatric or behavioral.
a
n ranged from 237 to 255 due to missing data.
b
Abuse or dependence.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.