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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Periodontol. 2016 Aug 13;88(1):78–88. doi: 10.1902/jop.2016.160203

Table 2.

Bivariate Relationships Between Demographics of Sample Population Versus Clinical Measures

Entire Sample Number of Teeth Bleeding Score Plaque Score

Mean (SD) Range P Value Mean (SD) Range P Value Mean (SD) Range P Value
Sex 0.09 0.42 0.56
 Males 24.89 (4.25) 8 to 28 16.12 (19.89) 0 to 100 40.19 (23.51) 0 to 100
 Females 25.34 (4.64) 3 to 28 16.43 (18.71) 0 to 86.54 38.31 (22.31) 0 to 100

Race/ethnicity 0.005 0.17 0.08
 Non-Hispanic white 24.98 (4.64) 3 to 28 15.34 (17.71) 0 to 73.96 40.26 (22.91) 0 to 96.88
 Hispanic 26.19 (2.77) 17 to 28 17.49 (21.97) 0 to 100 38.94 (22.85) 0 to 100
 Non-Hispanic black 22.26 (6.59) 5 to 28 23.01 (22.43) 0 to 86.54 46.27 (26.05) 0 to 100
 Non-Hispanic Asian 26.61 (1.97) 22 to 28 11.31 (12.40) 0 to 52.34 29.31 (19.73) 0 to 68.97
 Other/mixed race 25.43 (2.82) 18 to 28 13.11 (19.21) 0 to 85 34.76 (21.53) 0 to 88

Age (years) <0.001 0.72 0.26
 18 to 24 27.32 (1.38) 24 to 28 14.84 (20.70) 0 to 83.04 34.47 (18.49) 0 to 82.14
 25 to 44 26.54 (2.69) 11 to 28 15.55 (19.49) 0 to 100 37.72 (23.24) 0 to 100
 45 to 64 24.49 (4.40) 8 to 28 17.77 (20.14) 0 to 86.54 42.58 (24.29) 0 to 100
 >64 22.04 (6.55) 3 to 29 14.75 (15.81) 0 to 61.72 37.72 (20.64) 0 to 88.98

Education 0.001 0.63 0.15
 College graduate 26.02 (3.25) 8 to 28 15.66 (18.24) 0 to 85 36.95 (22.09) 0 to 92.86
 Some college 24.63 (5.03) 5 to 28 18.60 (22.23) 0 to 100 43.68 (24.13) 0 to 100
 Grade 12/GED 23.13 (6.00) 3 to 28 12.64 (13.97) 0 to 53.57 38.30 (23.57) 2.34 to 96.88
 <Grade 12 23.43 (3.88) 15 to 28 17.76 (25.17) 0 to 68.75 43.80 (22.05) 10.58 to 88.33

Spoke English as a child 0.17 0.97 0.97
 Yes 24.82 (4.78) 3 to 28 16.26 (19.73) 0 to 100 39.56 (23.64) 0 to 100
 No 26.15 (2.43) 18 to 28 16.26 (17.91) 0 to 70.31 38.74 (20.29) 0 to 81.58

Income ($) 0.004 0.33 0.76
 0 to 11,000 25.53 (4.17) 11 to 28 16.75 (18.74) 0 to 69.53 39.58 (23.34) 0 to 100
 11,001 to 22,000 24.05 (4.64) 8 to 28 20.13 (23.23) 0 to 86.54 40.45 (22.90) 0 to 100
 22,001 to 33,000 25.03 (5.19) 3 to 28 12.68 (16.23) 0 to 73.96 36.92 (23.09) 0 to 80.56
 33,001 to 44,000 25.36 (4.88) 5 to 28 13.89 (15.24) 0 to 54.46 36.73 (22.93) 0 to 88
 44,001 to 55,000 23.39 (5.60) 8 to 28 22.01 (21.68) 0 to 70.31 44.93 (21.70) 0 to 86.61
 >55,000 25.35 (3.57) 11 to 28 15.04 (20.32) 0 to 100 37.45 (23.02) 0 to 100

Dental insurance 0.003 0.28 0.42
 Currently has insurance 25.87 (3.75) 11 to 28 18.60 (20.86) 0 to 83.04 37.57 (22.23) 0 to 100
 Does not have insurance 24.78 (4.66) 3 to 28 15.30 (18.64) 0 to 100 40.06 (23.26) 0 to 100

DM 0.21 0.42 0.12
 Has DM 24.29 (5.05) 8 to 28 21.26 (20.88) 0 to 59.72 45.08 (23.85) 9.38 to 88.89
 Other family history of DM 25.84 (3.35) 10 to 28 13.76 (16.70) 0 to 83.04 41.84 (21.38) 0 to 100
 No history of DM 24.72 (4.89) 3 to 28 17.35 (20.58) 0 to 100 37.26 (23.67) 0 to 100

Smoker <0.001 0.97 0.08
 Current 23.38 (5.40) 8 to 28 15.19 (16.61) 0 to 59.38 38.55 (23.80) 0 to 100
 Former 24.50 (4.70) 3 to 28 17.77 (21.94) 0 to 83.04 44.78 (23.42) 0 to 88.89
 Never 25.68 (3.96) 5 to 28 16.08 (19.20) 0 to 100 37.98 (22.51) 0 to 100

Statistically significant associations (P <0.05) listed in bold.