Table 2.
The categorical and total scores of the Brain Atrophy and Lesion Index (BALI) by diagnosis
| Diagnosis | ALL | NC | MCI | AD | K–W/χ2 (P) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| N | 120 | 30 | 20 | ||
| GM-SV | |||||
| T1WI | 1.3±0.6 | 1.2±0.6 | 1.6±0.5 | 1.9±0.7 | 19.91 (<0.0001) |
| T2WI | 1.8±0.5 | 1.7±0.5 | 1.9±0.3 | 2.2±0.5 | 17.45 (<0.0001) |
| T2-FLAIR | 1.4±0.6 | 1.4±0.6 | 1.4±0.6 | 1.8±0.8 | 5.10 (0.078) |
| T2*GRE | 1.6±0.6 | 1.5±0.5 | 1.7±0.4 | 2.1±0.6 | 20.09 (<0.0001) |
| K–W/χ2 (P) | 55.12 (<0.0001) | ||||
| DWM | |||||
| T1WI | 1.6±0.8 | 1.5±0.7 | 1.9±0.7 | 2.2±0.8 | 18.08 (<0.0001) |
| T2WI | 1.9±0.6 | 1.8±0.7 | 2.2±0.6 | 2.4±0.5 | 17.80 (<0.0001) |
| T2-FLAIR | 2.0±0.7 | 1.9±0.7 | 2.4±0.5 | 2.5±0.5 | 19.41 (<0.0001) |
| T2*GRE | 1.8±0.8 | 1.7±0.8 | 2.2±0.6 | 2.4±0.6 | 21.70 (<0.0001) |
| K–W/χ2 (P) | 26.65 (<0.0001) | ||||
| PV | |||||
| T1WI | 1.2±0.8 | 1.0±0.7 | 1.2±0.8 | 1.8±0.9 | 12.55 (0.002) |
| T2WI | 1.4±0.8 | 1.2±0.7 | 1.5±0.9 | 2.1±0.9 | 21.09 (<0.0001) |
| T2-FLAIR | 1.7±0.9 | 1.5±0.9 | 2.0±0.9 | 2.3±0.9 | 12.76 (0.002) |
| T2*GRE | 1.3±0.9 | 1.1±1.0 | 1.5±0.9 | 2.1±0.9 | 21.47 (<0.0001) |
| K–W/χ2 (P) | 29.09 (<0.0001) | ||||
| BG | |||||
| T1WI | 2.0±0.4 | 2.0±0.4 | 2.0±0.2 | 2.2±0.4 | 3.27 (0.195) |
| T2WI | 2.0±0.5 | 1.9±0.5 | 2.1±0.3 | 2.4±0.5 | 17.90 (<0.0001) |
| T2-FLAIR | 1.9±0.6 | 1.8±0.7 | 2.1±0.3 | 2.2±0.4 | 12.21 (0.002) |
| T2*GRE | 2.1±0.5 | 2.0±0.6 | 2.2±0.4 | 2.4±0.5 | 10.16 (0.006) |
| K–W/χ2 (P) | 11.05 (0.011) | ||||
| IT | |||||
| T1WI | 1.1±0.9 | 0.9±0.9 | 1.4±0.8 | 2.0±0.7 | 23.19 (<0.0001) |
| T2WI | 1.4±0.9 | 1.2±1.0 | 1.8±0.6 | 2.1±0.6 | 22.87 (<0.0001) |
| T2-FLAIR | 1.1±1.0 | 1.0±1.0 | 1.3±1.0 | 1.7±0.9 | 9.31 (0.010) |
| T2*GRE | 1.7±0.8 | 1.6±0.9 | 1.9±0.6 | 2.1±0.6 | 7.97 (0.019) |
| K–W/χ2 (P) | 48.88 (<0.0001) | ||||
| GA | |||||
| T1WI | 1.0±0.9 | 0.8±0.7 | 1.1±0.8 | 2.1±1.1 | 27.24 (<0.0001) |
| T2WI | 1.0±0.9 | 0.8±0.8 | 1.3±1.0 | 2.1±1.0 | 28.79 (<0.0001) |
| T2-FLAIR | 1.0±0.9 | 0.8±0.8 | 1.2±0.8 | 2.0±1.0 | 24.43 (<0.0001) |
| T2*GRE | 1.2±1.0 | 1.0±0.9 | 1.3±1.0 | 2.2±0.9 | 23.24 (<0.0001) |
| K–W/χ2 (P) | 3.83 (0.280) | ||||
| Others | |||||
| T1WI | 0.1±0.5 | 0.1±0.3 | 0.1±0.3 | 0.5±0.8 | 5.88 (0.053) |
| T2WI | 0.1±0.5 | 0.1±0.3 | 0.1±0.3 | 0.5±0.8 | 6.55 (0.040) |
| T2-FLAIR | 0.1±0.4 | 0.1±0.3 | 0.1±0.3 | 0.5±0.8 | 8.14 (0.017) |
| T2*GRE | 0.1±0.4 | 0.1±0.3 | 0.1±0.3 | 0.5±0.8 | 8.00 (0.018) |
| K–W/χ2 (P) | 0.44 (0.932) | ||||
| Hemorrhage | |||||
| T1WI | – | – | – | – | |
| T2WI | – | – | – | – | |
| T2-FLAIR | – | – | – | – | |
| T2*GRE | 0.2±0.6 | 0.1±0.4 | 0.3±0.7 | 0.6±0.9 | 9.10 (0.011) |
| Total | |||||
| T1WI | 8.4±03.0 | 7.5±2.5 | 9.4±1.9 | 12.5±3.5 | 40.54 (<0.0001) |
| T2WI | 9.7±3.0 | 8.7±2.5 | 10.9±2.0 | 13.6±3.4 | 42.17 (<0.0001) |
| T2-FLAIR | 9.3±3.3 | 8.5±3.0 | 10.2±2.0 | 12.8±3.9 | 27.77 (<0.0001) |
| T2*GRE | 9.9±3.4 | 9.0±3.1 | 10.9±2.2 | 13.7±3.3 | 32.08 (<0.0001) |
| Combineda | 9.0±2.4 | 10.9±1.9 | 13.9±3.7 | 39.94 (<0.0001) | |
| K–W/χ2 (P) | 21.38 (<0.0001) | ||||
Notes: Data are presented as mean ± SD.
The combined total score was constructed by integrating categorical scores evaluated using multiple MRI sequences: T2WI for GMSV, BG, IT, and others; T2FLAIR for DWM and PV; T1WI for GA; and GRE for hemorrhage. – indicates not visible.
Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer’s disease; BG, lesions in the basal ganglia and surrounding areas; DWM, deep white matter lesions; GA, global atrophy; GM-SV, gray matter and subcortical lesions – subcortical dilated perivascular spaces; IT, Lesions in the infratentorial compartment; K–W/χ2, Kruskal–Wallis/Chi square; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; N, number of subjects; NC, normal cognition; PV, periventricular white matter lesions; T1WI, T1-weighted image; T2WI, T2-weighted image; T2-FLAIR, T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery; T2*GRE, T2*-weighted gradient recalled echo sequence.