Fig. 6.

bmMSC infusion ameliorated hyperglycemia, improved the islet β cell and endothelial function, and increased the β-catenin nuclear translocation in HFD and STZ-induced T2DM rats. a bmMSC infusion significantly reduced the fasting blood glucose, monitored weekly by Accu-Chek^® Performa (Roche Life Science, USA). b bmMSCs significantly improved the glucose tolerance during IPGTT 4 weeks after infusion. c bmMSC infusion also improved the insulin release during IPGTT 2 and 4 weeks after the infusion, measured by radioimmunoassay. d Isolated islets were identified by DTZ staining. e Changes of p-eNOS, VCAM, and β-catenin in isolated islets by western blotting analysis. Quantification of bands performed using ImageJ software. Compared with the nondiabetic (NDM) control: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001. Compared with the T2DM group: #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.001. bmMSC bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell, HFD high-fat diet, IPGTT intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, t-eNOS total endothelial nitric oxide synthase, p-eNOS phosphorylated-endothelial nitric oxide synthase, VCAM vascular cell adhesion molecule