Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population at baseline
| Variable | Total | No proteinuria | Remittent proteinuria | Incident proteinuria | Persistent proteinuria | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of participants | 17,625 | 15,149 | 473 | 1584 | 419 | |
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 52.71 (10.92) | 52.44 (10.86) | 53.40 (10.93) | 54.22 (11.26) | 55.87 (10.76) | <0.0001 |
| Gender female, n (%) | 2993 (16.98) | 2604 (17.19) | 89 (18.82) | 230 (14.52) | 70 (16.71) | 0.0380 |
| High school or above, n (%) | 3474 (19.71) | 3113 (20.55) | 82 (17.34) | 211 (13.32) | 68 (16.23) | <0.0001 |
| Income ≧ 800 RMB/month, n (%) | 2691 (15.27) | 2384 (15.74) | 75 (15.86) | 176 (11.11) | 56 (13.37) | <0.0001 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 6743 (38.26) | 5855 (38.65) | 186 (39.32) | 574 (36.24) | 128 (30.55) | 0.0023 |
| Current alcohol, n (%) | 7522 (42.68) | 6604 (43.59) | 199 (42.07) | 581 (36.68) | 138 (32.94) | <0.0001 |
| Active physical activity, n (%) | 3280 (18.61) | 2861 (18.89) | 112 (23.68) | 240 (15.15) | 67 (15.99) | <0.0001 |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 25.89 (3.46) | 25.81 (3.42) | 26.53 (3.63) | 26.19 (3.46) | 27.04 (4.01) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 9052 (51.36) | 7415 (48.95) | 320 (67.65) | 986 (62.25) | 331 (79.00) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 5442 (30.88) | 4301 (28.39) | 202 (42.71) | 677 (42.74) | 262 (62.53) | <0.0001 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 7759 (44.02) | 6482 (42.79) | 233 (49.26) | 782 (49.37) | 262 (62.53) | <0.0001 |
| Anti-hypertension agents, n (%) | 2595 (14.72) | 2120 (13.99) | 114 (24.10) | 262 (16.54) | 99 (23.63) | <0.0001 |
| Anti-diabetic agents, n (%) | 1495 (8.48) | 1190 (7.86) | 50 (10.57) | 180 (11.36) | 75 (17.90) | <0.0001 |
| Anti-lipidemic agents, n (%) | 211 (1.20) | 164 (1.08) | 7 (1.48) | 29 (1.83) | 11 (2.63) | <0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean (SD) | 134.70 (21.13) | 133.50 (20.61) | 143.39 (24.86) | 139.85 (21.95) | 148.47 (21.63) | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean (SD) | 85.25 (11.83) | 84.72 (11.53) | 89.90 (14.33) | 87.41 (12.63) | 91.28 (12.77) | <0.0001 |
| Heart rate, beats/min, mean (SD) | 76.00 (10.52) | 75.82 (10.33) | 79.86 (12.81) | 75.67 (10.43) | 79.58 (12.92) | <0.0001 |
| High-sensitive C-reactive protein, mg/dl, median (IQR) | 0.90 (0.37-2.30) | 0.89 (0.34-2.10) | 1.50 (0.49-3.36) | 1.30 (0.45-4.20) | 1.80 (0.68-6.18) | <0.0001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/l, mean (SD) | 7.03 (2.25) | 6.90 (2.10) | 7.66 (2.64) | 7.67 (2.83) | 8.69 (3.21) | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/l, mean (SD) | 5.19 (1.11) | 5.18 (1.08) | 5.35 (1.21) | 5.16 (1.22) | 5.37 (1.74) | 0.0052 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/l, mean (SD) | 1.94 (1.68) | 1.90 (1.65) | 2.24 (1.95) | 2.13 (1.68) | 2.73 (2.14) | <0.0001 |
| Low-density lipoprotein, mmol/l, mean (SD) | 2.53 (0.93) | 2.54 (0.88) | 2.58 (1.01) | 2.46 (1.18) | 2.44 (1.41) | <0.0001 |
| High-density lipoprotein, mmol/l, mean (SD) | 1.52 (0.40) | 1.51 (0.39) | 1.55 (0.45) | 1.58 (0.45) | 1.58 (0.49) | <0.0001 |
| Creatinine, μmol/l, mean (SD) | 89.99 (32.26) | 89.24 (31.20) | 88.01 (27.62) | 95.36 (40.30) | 98.84 (36.95) | <0.0001 |
| eGFR, ml/(min 1.73 m2), mean (SD) | 83.76 (26.31) | 84.24 (23.57) | 85.32 (30.82) | 80.68 (43.79) | 76.33 (24.81) | <0.0001 |
| Myocardial infarction, n (%) | 238 (1.35) | 179 (1.18) | 5 (1.06) | 33 (2.08) | 21 (5.01) | <0.0001 |
BMI body mass index, SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate