Table 1. Characteristics of study cohort in the baseline.
| CKD | Total | With | Without | P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| Total | 741,720 | 185,430 | 25.00 | 556,290 | 75.00 | ||
| Gender | 0.999 | ||||||
| Male | 402,880 | 54.32 | 100,720 | 54.32 | 302,160 | 54.32 | |
| Female | 338,840 | 45.68 | 84,710 | 45.68 | 254,130 | 45.68 | |
| Age groups (years) | 0.999 | ||||||
| 18–29 | 10,226 | 1.38 | 2,559 | 1.38 | 7,667 | 1.38 | |
| 30–39 | 24,428 | 3.29 | 6,107 | 3.29 | 18,321 | 3.29 | |
| 40–49 | 63,152 | 8.51 | 15,788 | 8.51 | 47,364 | 8.51 | |
| 50–59 | 111,160 | 14.99 | 27,790 | 14.99 | 83,370 | 14.99 | |
| ≧60 | 532,744 | 71.83 | 133,186 | 71.83 | 399,558 | 71.83 | |
| Hypertension | <0.001 | ||||||
| Without | 585,357 | 78.92 | 143,196 | 77.22 | 442,161 | 79.48 | |
| With | 156,363 | 21.08 | 42,234 | 22.78 | 114,129 | 20.52 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | <0.001 | ||||||
| Without | 594,100 | 80.10 | 120,390 | 64.92 | 473,710 | 85.16 | |
| With | 147,620 | 19.90 | 65,040 | 35.08 | 82,580 | 14.84 | |
| Heart failure | <0.001 | ||||||
| Without | 702,944 | 94.77 | 163,989 | 88.44 | 538,955 | 96.88 | |
| With | 38,776 | 5.23 | 21,441 | 11.56 | 17,335 | 3.12 | |
| Stroke | <0.001 | ||||||
| Without | 672,258 | 90.64 | 172,250 | 92.89 | 500,008 | 89.88 | |
| With | 69,462 | 9.36 | 13,180 | 7.11 | 56,282 | 10.12 | |
| COPD | <0.001 | ||||||
| Without | 675,601 | 91.09 | 173,503 | 93.57 | 502,098 | 90.26 | |
| With | 66,119 | 8.91 | 11,927 | 6.43 | 54,192 | 9.74 | |
| Liver cirrhosis | <0.001 | ||||||
| Without | 699,834 | 94.35 | 174,520 | 94.12 | 525,314 | 94.43 | |
| With | 41,886 | 5.65 | 10,910 | 5.88 | 30,976 | 5.57 | |
| Ménière’s disease | <0.001 | ||||||
| Without | 727,830 | 98.13 | 183,996 | 99.23 | 543,834 | 97.76 | |
| With | 13,890 | 1.87 | 1,434 | 0.77 | 12,456 | 2.24 | |
| Traumatic brain injury | <0.001 | ||||||
| Without | 637,875 | 86.00 | 133,055 | 71.75 | 504,820 | 90.75 | |
| With | 103,845 | 14.00 | 52,375 | 28.25 | 51,470 | 9.25 | |
| CCI_R | 1.15±2.07 | 2.61±1.65 | 0.67±1.97 | <0.001 | |||
| Drug intake | |||||||
| Aminoglycosides | <0.001 | ||||||
| Without | 731,967 | 98.69 | 183,189 | 98.79 | 548,778 | 98.65 | |
| With | 9,753 | 1.31 | 2,241 | 1.21 | 7,512 | 1.35 | |
| Macrolides | <0.001 | ||||||
| Without | 734,112 | 98.97 | 183,374 | 98.89 | 550,738 | 99.00 | |
| With | 7,608 | 1.03 | 2,056 | 1.11 | 5,552 | 1.00 | |
| Loop diuretics | 0.462 | ||||||
| Without | 734,448 | 99.02 | 183,585 | 99.01 | 550,863 | 99.02 | |
| With | 7,272 | 0.98 | 1,845 | 0.99 | 5,427 | 0.98 | |
| Antineoplastic agents | <0.001 | ||||||
| Without | 734,719 | 99.06 | 183,444 | 98.93 | 551,275 | 99.10 | |
| With | 7,001 | 0.94 | 1,986 | 1.07 | 5,015 | 0.90 | |
| Aspirin | 0.076 | ||||||
| Without | 737,636 | 99.45 | 184,458 | 99.48 | 553,178 | 99.44 | |
| With | 4,084 | 0.55 | 972 | 0.52 | 3,112 | 0.56 | |
| NSAIDs | <0.001 | ||||||
| Without | 733,020 | 98.83 | 183,418 | 98.91 | 549,602 | 98.80 | |
| With | 8,700 | 1.17 | 2,012 | 1.09 | 6,688 | 1.20 | |
| Location | <0.001 | ||||||
| Northern Taiwan | 285,200 | 38.45 | 66,494 | 35.86 | 218,706 | 39.32 | |
| Middle Taiwan | 216,509 | 29.19 | 59,579 | 32.13 | 156,930 | 28.21 | |
| Southern Taiwan | 190,913 | 25.74 | 47,140 | 25.42 | 143,773 | 25.84 | |
| Eastern Taiwan | 45,317 | 6.11 | 11,170 | 6.02 | 34,147 | 6.14 | |
| Outlets Islands | 3,781 | 0.51 | 1,047 | 0.56 | 2,734 | 0.49 | |
| Urbanization level | <0.001 | ||||||
| 1 (The highest) | 235,150 | 31.70 | 54,427 | 29.35 | 180,723 | 32.49 | |
| 2 | 327,839 | 44.20 | 83,352 | 44.95 | 244,487 | 43.95 | |
| 3 | 54,083 | 7.29 | 12,920 | 6.97 | 41,163 | 7.40 | |
| 4 (The lowest) | 124,648 | 16.81 | 34,731 | 18.73 | 89,917 | 16.16 | |
| Insured premium (NT$) | <0.001 | ||||||
| <18,000 | 732,832 | 98.80 | 183,435 | 98.92 | 549,397 | 98.75 | |
| 18,000–34,999 | 7,780 | 1.05 | 1,788 | 0.96 | 5,992 | 1.08 | |
| ≧35,000 | 1,158 | 0.16 | 207 | 0.11 | 951 | 0.17 | |
P-value (category variable: Chi-square/Fisher exact test; continue variable: t-test); COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CCI_R = Charlson comorbidity index with removal of the aforementioned comorbidities