Figure 1.

Schematic illustration of the fabrication of nanostructured MnO₂ electrtodes. (a) (upper) 2D- and (lower) 3D-aligned current collector/electrode systems with small and large deposits of electrode materials. For the 3D-aligned architecture, the increase in thickness of the electrode layer can be retarded by piling up the current collector nanostructures. (b) Schematic illustration representing the fabrication of 3D-aligned MnO₂ thin film nanostructures in this work.