Table 2.

Levels of significantly changed metabolites in GBS patients compared to healthy controls and MS patients revealed by targeted metabolomics analysis.

	Metabolites (μM)	Control (mean ± sd)	GBS (mean ± sd)	MS (mean ± sd)	p valuea (GBS/Control)	p valuea (GBS/MS)	p valuea (MS/Control)
1	AC14:1	0.11 ± 0.03	0.08 ± 0.02	0.11 ± 0.03	<0.01	<0.01	1.170
2	Isoleucine	88.41 ± 25.22	109.93 ± 37.40	84.65 ± 18.65	0.013	0.012	1.119
3	lysoPCa C18:2	48.20 ± 15.20	39.09 ± 15.22	50.51 ± 13.85	0.048	0.031	1.156
4	PCaa C28:1	1.62 ± 0.40	1.26 ± 0.45	1.58 ± 0.43	<0.01	0.034	1.098
5	PCaa C32:3	0.28 ± 0.05	0.22 ± 0.08	0.31 ± 0.08	<0.01	<0.01	0.902
6	PCaa C34:4	1.10 ± 0.35	0.82 ± 0.47	1.14 ± 0.44	0.029	0.028	1.093
7	PCaa C36:0	3.64 ± 1.10	2.36 ± 0.81	3.81 ±  0.96	<0.01	<0.01	1.161
8	PCaa C36:6	0.58 ± 0.20	0.41 ± 0.22	0.65 ± 0.28	<0.01	<0.01	0.965
9	PCaa C38:0	3.35 ± 0.91	2.61 ± 0.80	3.62 ± 0.85	<0.01	<0.01	0.981
10	PCaa C40:2	0.42 ± 0.11	0.28 ± 0.10	0.40 ± 0.09	<0.01	<0.01	1.164
11	PCaa C40:3	0.58 ± 0.13	0.43 ± 0.13	0.56 ± 0.13	<0.01	<0.01	1.164
12	PCaa C42:2	0.32 ± 0.08	0.22 ± 0.07	0.30 ± 0.06	<0.01	<0.01	1.065
13	PCaa C42:4	0.23 ± 0.05	0.17 ± 0.06	0.22 ± 0.06	<0.01	<0.01	1.165
14	PCaa C42:5	0.33 ± 0.09	0.24 ± 0.09	0.35 ± 0.21	0.010	0.011	1.120
15	PCae C32:2	0.45 ± 0.12	0.34 ± 0.10	0.50 ± 0.13	<0.01	<0.01	0.692
16	PCae C34:0	1.01 ± 0.25	0.83 ± 0.25	1.11 ±  0.27	0.015	<0.01	0.908
17	PCae C34:2	9.01 ± 2.49	6.61 ± 2.48	9.37 ± 2.82	<0.01	<0.01	1.185
18	PCae C34:3	6.66 ± 1.99	4.09 ± 1.88	6.18 ± 2.36	<0.01	<0.01	1.083
19	PCae C36:0	0.80 ± 0.17	0.61 ± 0.13	0.82 ± 0.14	<0.01	<0.01	1.176
20	PCae C36:1	7.45 ± 1.30	6.46 ± 1.73	7.94 ± 1.63	0.036	<0.01	0.991
21	PCae C36:3	5.67 ± 1.37	4.23 ± 1.47	5.78 ± 1.65	<0.01	<0.01	1.085
22	PCae C36:4	14.18 ± 3.61	10.95 ± 3.98	14.51 ± 4.19	<0.01	<0.01	1.107
23	PCae C36:5	10.39 ± 2.78	7.38 ± 2.59	10.78 ± 3.40	<0.01	<0.01	1.174
24	PCae C38:0	1.43 ± 0.39	1.08 ± 0.35	1.45 ± 0.41	<0.01	<0.01	1.065
25	PCae C38:3	3.75 ± 0.70	3.11 ± 1.10	3.88 ± 1.09	0.029	0.023	1.150
26	PCae C38:6	6.70 ± 1.73	4.94 ± 1.55	7.06 ± 1.50	<0.01	<0.01	1.103
27	PCae C40:1	1.19 ± 0.30	0.89 ± 0.34	1.17 ± 0.26	<0.01	<0.01	1.078
28	PCae C40:2	1.35 ± 0.26	1.15 ± 0.32	1.51 ± 0.40	0.029	<0.01	0.615
29	PCae C40:3	1.17 ± 0.26	0.91 ± 0.29	1.20 ± 0.26	<0.01	<0.01	1.163
30	PCae C40:4	1.87 ± 0.40	1.58 ± 0.51	2.09 ± 0.42	0.031	<0.01	0.597
31	PCae C42:2	0.48 ± 0.10	0.36 ± 0.15	0.53 ± 0.18	<0.01	<0.01	0.905
32	PCae C42:3	0.76 ± 0.17	0.59 ± 0.20	0.83 ± 0.17	<0.01	<0.01	0.944
33	PCae C44:3	0.11 ± 0.02	0.09 ± 0.03	0.12 ± 0.03	<0.01	<0.01	1.008
34	SM(OH) C14:1	5.74 ± 1.22	4.81 ± 1.50	6.19 ± 1.36	0.023	<0.01	0.977
35	SM(OH) C22:1	42.92 ± 8.50	31.34 ± 10.84	40.59 ± 9.53	<0.01	<0.01	1.097
36	SM(OH) C22:2	41.54 ± 7.06	31.23 ± 9.24	41.79 ± 7.20	<0.01	<0.01	1.018
37	SM(OH) C24:1	1.72 ± 0.37	1.28 ± 0.44	1.59 ± 0.42	<0.01	0.033	0.951
38	SM C16:0	182.91 ± 25.79	159.18 ± 35.26	193.46 ± 37.33	0.013	<0.01	0.985
39	SM C16:1	25.49 ± 3.76	22.11 ± 5.42	26.95 ± 6.95	0.032	<0.01	1.015
40	SM C24:0	50.88 ± 9.35	37.79 ± 12.45	47.52 ± 11.37	<0.01	0.010	0.971
41	SM C26:0	0.33 ± 0.09	0.26 ± 0.08	0.33 ± 0.09	<0.01	0.015	0.999

^aOne-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test and with FDR correction.

Abbreviations: GBS, Guillain-Barre syndrome; MS, multiple sclerosis.