Table 3.
Effects of exercise intervention by group
| Supervised exercise group (n=15) | Voluntary exercise group (n=14) | ΔS vs. ΔV | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ΔS (after intervention - baseline) | p-valuea) | Effect size | ΔV(after intervention-baseline) | p-valuea) | Effect size | p-valueb) | ||||
| mean±SD | mean±SD | |||||||||
| ΔS: value of the difference between after and before intervention in Supervised exercise group. ΔV: value of the difference between after and before intervention in Voluntary exercise group. SD: standard deviation, VO2max: maximum oxygen uptake, KET: knee extensor torque, TC: total cholesterol, LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG: triglyceride, Cr: creatinine, UA: uric acid, FPG: fasting plasma glucose, HMW-ADP: high molecular weight adiponectin, dROM: reactive oxygen metabolites, BAP: biological anti-oxident potential, BDI-II: Beck depression inventory-II, POMS: profile of mood states,VAS: visual analogue scale. Effect size means Cohen’s d value. The thresholds for small, medium, and large effects were defined as d value s below 0.20, 0.50, and 0.80. a) Wilcoxon signed rank test, b) Mann-Whitney U test * p<0.05, ** p<0.01 | ||||||||||
| Anthropometry | ||||||||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.2±0.7 | 0.334 | 0.32 | 0.2±0.3 | 0.064 | 0.56 | 0.983 | |||
| Body fat (%) | -0.5±4.5 | 0.513 | 0.12 | 1.4±2.8 | 0.041* | 0.50 | 0.143 | |||
| Muscle mass (%) | 2.2±9.0 | 0.509 | 0.30 | -0.6±0.8 | 0.017* | 0.75 | 0.149 | |||
| Basal metabolic rate (kcal) | -5.7±16.6 | 0.233 | 0.34 | -14.4±18.7 | 0.014* | 0.76 | 0.295 | |||
| Vital sign | ||||||||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | -3.0±6.1 | 0.061 | 0.49 | -0.1±9.8 | 0.432 | 0.01 | 0.600 | |||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 1.1±4.4 | 0.280 | 0.47 | 1.2±6.6 | 0.753 | 0.19 | 0.678 | |||
| Pulse rate (bpm) | -2.9±8.4 | 0.244 | 0.35 | -1.7±9.2 | 0.463 | 0.19 | 0.879 | |||
| Physical fitness | ||||||||||
| VO2max (ml/kg/min) | 1.2±2.1 | 0.053 | 0.76 | -0.6±1.2 | 0.073 | 0.52 | 0.010* | |||
| 60 deg/sec KET (Nm/kg) | 6.0±16.1 | 0.211 | 0.37 | 1.9±23.4 | 0.778 | 0.08 | 0.694 | |||
| 180 deg/sec KET (Nm/kg) | 12.6±9.4 | 0.001** | 1.34 | 4.2±9.0 | 0.056 | 0.47 | 0.045* | |||
| Biochemistry | ||||||||||
| TC (mg/dl) | 5.3±10.3 | 0.059 | 0.51 | 9.3±13.3 | 0.030* | 0.76 | 0.304 | |||
| LDL-C (mg/dl) | -0.8±9.3 | 0.776 | 0.09 | 7.9±12.2 | 0.030* | 0.64 | 0.034* | |||
| HDL-C (mg/dl) | 4.6±7.0 | 0.030* | 0.66 | -1.1±10.4 | 0.972 | 0.10 | 0.143 | |||
| TG (mg/dl) | 11.5±27.4 | 0.222 | 0.42 | 21.0±38.8 | 0.084 | 0.54 | 0.541 | |||
| Cr (mg/dl) | 0.0±0.0 | 0.975 | 0.07 | 0.0±0.0 | 0.160 | 0.38 | 0.263 | |||
| UA (mg/dl) | -0.1±0.6 | 0.183 | 0.13 | 0.1±0.5 | 0.503 | 0.19 | 0.212 | |||
| FPG (mg/dl) | 1.1±7.9 | 0.861 | 0.14 | 3.3±7.1 | 0.083 | 0.46 | 0.246 | |||
| Insulin (μU/ml) | 2.2±9.5 | 0.609 | 0.24 | 2.2±3.2 | 0.041* | 0.68 | 0.337 | |||
| HMW-ADP (μg/dl) | 0.5±0.6 | 0.007** | 0.83 | 0.6±3.1 | 0.272 | 0.27 | 0.793 | |||
| dROM (UCARR) | 12.6±32.2 | 0.281 | 0.39 | 35.5±27.0 | 0.002** | 1.31 | 0.045* | |||
| BAP (μmol/l) | 14.9±322.4 | 0.955 | 0.05 | 60.5±430.5 | 0.109 | 0.14 | 0.295 | |||
| Mental status | ||||||||||
| BDI-II | -3.6±4.9 | 0.012* | 0.73 | -0.9±3.6 | 0.419 | 0.24 | 0.079 | |||
| POMS | TMD: Total mood disturbance | -2.5±32.7 | 0.910 | 0.08 | -11.8±20.8 | 0.060 | 0.57 | 0.247 | ||
| T-A: tension-anxiety | 0.5±8.1 | 0.637 | 0.06 | -0.6±6.9 | 0.682 | 0.08 | 0.539 | |||
| D: depression | 0.4±8.2 | 0.622 | 0.05 | -1.1±5.2 | 0.445 | 0.21 | 0.270 | |||
| A-H: anger-hostility | 1.8±7.3 | 0.363 | 0.25 | -3.0±5.2 | 0.050 | 0.57 | 0.051 | |||
| V: vigor | 2.0±7.0 | 0.334 | 0.29 | 2.9±10.3 | 0.463 | 0.28 | 0.965 | |||
| F: fatigue | -0.7±7.3 | 0.925 | 0.09 | -2.4±6.9 | 0.232 | 0.36 | 0.339 | |||
| C: confusion | -2.5±7.4 | 0.212 | 0.34 | -1.6±5.4 | 0.254 | 0.30 | 0.758 | |||
| Self-efficacy | ||||||||||
| Confidence to continue exercise | -7.3±21.4 | 0.233 | 0.34 | -3.1±16.5 | 0.363 | 0.19 | 0.694 | |||
| (VAS: 0-100) | ||||||||||